THE RUNES,







WHENCE CAME THEY







By Prof. Dr. GEORGE STEPHENS.



F. S. ANT. LOND. A EDINB.





LONDON & K0BENHAVN.







WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. - H.H.LYNGE







THIELES BOGTRYKKERI.







1878







'.

TO CANON G. F. BROWNE,



LATE DISNEY PROF. OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND,







WITH THANKS AND HOMAGE







FROM THE AUTHOR.







FOREWORDS.



Ihe many runic examples I may, unfortunately, have overlookt and omitted

— must go to strengthen my argument. One or two may have been accidentally

given twice.



I beg the reader carefully to ponder the following remarkable and interesting

and decisive FACTS, in the little list showing the numerical result in every class,

up to June 1894. It is:



In Scando-Anglia 10, 423 runic remains.



In Germany, Saxony and elsewhere 19 as WANDERERS.







CONTENTS.



Page



I. Alphabets i



II. Bells 4



III. Caskets 7



IV. Censers 8



V. Crosses 10



VI. Dials 14



VII. Dies, &c 16



VIII. Fonts 17



I X. Weapons. Arrows, Axes, Hammers 19



X. — Shields 20



XI. — Spears &c 21



XII. — Swords 22



XIII. Tway-staved (Bilingual) 24



XIV. The Home. Brooches 25



XV. — Combs 28



XVI. - Rings 29



XVII. - Odds and Ends 32



XVIII. Grave-stones 35



XIX. Runic Literature and Graffiti 46



XX. Runic Literature 49



XXI. Bracteates 78



XXII. Runic Coins : 79



XXIII. Godlore (Mythology) 80



Betterings 90



Works by the same author 92







THE RESULT, TABULATED.





Chapter.



ALPHABETS



BELLS



OVSKETS



CENSERS



CROSSES



DIALS



DIES, 4c



FONTS



WEAPOSS. ARROWS, AXES,

HAMMERS



- SHIELDS



- SPEARS &c



- SWORDS



TWAY STAVED BILINGUAL*.

THE HOME. BROOCHES



- COMBS



- RINGS







:;. - ODDS AND ENDS

:8 GRAVE-STONES







i> RUNIC LITERATURE AND

GRAFFITI



20. RUNIC LITERATURE



21. bHACTEATES



22 RUNIC COINS



23- GOD^LORE MYTHOLOGY;'..







In Scando • Anglia.





-



In the later runes.



Here omitted.



At least 3500.



«5-



H'-

At least 250.



At least 6000.



10,423.







In Germany ft Saxony.



None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.



None.

None.

In Rassia and Venice 2.

None.

None.



6.



None.



1.



None.

None.



None.







None.



None.



8 as WANDERERS.



None.



And 19

as WANDERERS.







Elsewhere.



None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.



None.



None.



as WANDERERS.



None.



None.



I, as WANDERERS.



None.



In Pomerania i as a

WANDERER.



None.



None.



I as a WANDERER,

and 2 sent over to

Great Britain.



None.

None.

None.

None.

None.







CHAPTER I.







ALPHABETS







Alphabets. I am quite aware that our friends claim at least one Ms.

as containing the O. N. Runes, because it has the Runic Bind * for GI. But at

p. 24 of my Old-N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, I clearly show, that this is an error. It is

admitted to be such by W. C. Grimm, in his »Ueber deutsche Runen« p. 134.

Scandinavia, taught by England, shows in the oldest Icelandic vellums the same * for

AND (OK, OC). In the other much later Scandian Mss. this mark for AND (their

OCH, OG) has disappeard, while on the Bayeux Tapestry — which was made by

English ladies — we have in one place H (AND) instead of the usual Latin ET.



My learned friend Prof. Dr. K. MOller has kindly informd me of a second

instance of this sign by a Southern copyist. As stated by Steinmeyer-Sievers (Ahd.

Glossen, 2, p. 149) the Ohg. Gloss to the Canones in Ms. Brit. Mus. Arundel 393,

has the 2 O. Engl. Marks H and * for ENTE (AND).



See the Runic Alphabets in vellum Mss. in the O. N. Futhork order, earlier

than the 5th century on the famous Vadstena Golden Bracteate, and down to the

13th or 14th century, in O. N. Run. Mon.



We will therefore now proceed to trace the continued use of Runes — - Old-

Northern and Later (Scandinavian) — in Scando-Anglia, till they every where gave

way before the handier and universal Roman letters.



In carrying out this task, we will group the Scando-Anglian monuments and

pieces under j heads, THE STATE, THE HOME and WEAPONS. We shall then

see whether there is a single one parallel example in any Southern land. See Vol. i,

p. 61 and 99 & fol. and p. 104, and Vol. 2, p. 829. In A. B. C. order, nos. 16 to

61, and nos. 62—67, Vol. 2, p. 830 & fol., and others Vol. 3, p. 9, from the 9th

century to about A. D. 1000. Alphabets are endless in all lands and times. Roman

Alphabets are everywhere, and continued thro the middle ages on Tiles, Bells,

Fonts &c., even round a Roman 4th cent, marble gambling-board. See my Vol. 3, p. 229.



1. ERGA, Stavanger Amt, Norway, now in the Stavanger Museum. A small

Ox-horn, not intended for drinking, in the later runes, the Alphabet in the Fut)ork

order. See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 229. Is thus the oldest »Horn book« in Europe.



2. The Tumulus or Pictshouse no. 5 at Maeshowe, the Orkneys, Scotland.

Alphabet in the Futhork order. The later staves, on one of the slabs of the inner







2 I. ALPHABETS.



wall. Date about A. D. 1152. See my O.N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 758; Vol. j, p. 214,

4**> Handbook p. 15J, 237, 238, 485 and 757. Connected with the forays of Sigurd

Slembidjakn, brother of Sigurd of Norway, about A. D. 11 39, and Rognvold 3 (Kali),

Jarl of the Orkneys, A. D. 1152. Cannot be further dated.



3. T5mmerup, Sealand, Denmark. Runic alphabet on a Priest's Silver

Chalice. The 0. N. Alphabet in the Futhork order. Vol. 3, p. 148; 4*° Handbook

p. 106. Date ab. 1227.



4. Valthiofstad Church Door, Norway. Now in the Danish Museum. Is in

the later staves. See my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. LXVII. Date ab. 12th Century.



5. Vesteras Museum, Vestmanland, Sweden. A small stone Quern (handmill)

for grinding corn, probably from the 12th yearhundred. Round the flat rim is a

damaged inscription, the Runic Alphabet, in the later staves. See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 3, p. 229. Thus the unfree slave-girls, or the lowest and simplest of the free

laborers who uzed such mills were — to make them more useful to their masters —

taught their letters. Since then



6 and 7, 2 other such alphabet Quern -stones have been found in Sweden,

with the later staves. But 1 have no details about them. Compare the O. N. Runic

Plane, found in Denmark.



8. Alphabet; Iceland. Later staves. Date of this A. B. C. about 13th

century. It is on a wooden Chair, in later Runes, A. B. C. order, from Grund,

Iceland. See my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. LXVI.



9. Vellum Ms. The Alphabet. Later staves. Date ab. 1550.



ID. Runic Alphabet. Later staves, Olaus Magnus, »Hist. de Gent. Sept.«,

Roma 1555.



11. Astrup, Denmark. Later Runic staves. Cannot be further dated.



12. M5nsted, Denmark. Decorated stone slab. Runic Alphabet. Thorsen's

Danske Runemindesmaerker. The later staves. Cannot be further dated.



13. Runic vellum Alphabet. Belongd to Olaf Worm. Later staves. Cannot

be further dated.



14. Runic vellum Alphabet, in the later staves. Belongd to Olaf Worm.

Cannot be further dated.



15. VesterSs, Westmanland, Sweden. On the bricks on the side of the

Cathedral-door. Later staves. The Alphabet. Cannot be further dated. Liljegren,

Run-urkunder, No. 1902, p. 220.



16. Akershus, Kristiania, Norway. The Alphabet, later staves. Nicolaysen,

Norske Fornlevninger, p. 27, and a letter from Prof. Olaf Rygh, Oct. 13, 1879. Cannot

be further dated.



17. Arnamagnaean Library, KjObenhavn. Vellum Alphabet. Later staves.

Date ab. 1500.



18. Jessegard, Bornholm, Denmark. A small stone Alphabet, 1 inch thick

and 37* inches broad, of sandstone. Found in 1882. See Dagstelegrafen, Kj5benhavn,

Jan. 23, 1882.







I. ALPHABETS. 3



19. L5venes, Nedenes, Norway. The runic alphabet, later staves in the

Futhork order, most of it legible, followd by they gared these runes, FINR and

OLAFR. Found in 1837. See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornl. Kristiania 1862—6, p. 247.



See also the Runic Alphabets under FONTS; Barse, Denmark; TrOgd, Up-

land, Sweden; and, under SWORDS, The Thames Iron Sword, England.



20. Charnay, Burgundy, France. Of silver, parcelgilt. Doubtless a Norwegian

Brooch, and therefore a WANDERER. No other than the Norse- Icelandic dialects

have the word KENG for Fibula. In a nearly allied sense it is found in Sweden

and England. This piece bears, round the edge, the 0. N. Runic Alphabet in the

Futhork order, and thereafter: Up fawd for-IDDyE this keeng (— brooch). Below the

center is KR, a contraction. — Date about the 5th century A. D. — See 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 587; Vol. 3, p. 97; 4^° Handbook p. 60.



21. Vadstena, E. Gotland, Sweden. Found in 1774. A unique Golden

Bracteate, the only one bearing the old-runic Futhork. It was about to be cast into

the melting-pot of a local goldsmith, when it was rescued by the Rev. P. Kylander.

Blessed be his memory! — It gives, first, separated from the rest by a point: LUp/E

TUWjE, of the ledes the tog (= of the men the letters, the Alphabet of the people).

Then come, in Wend-runes (reverst), the first 23 letters of the 0. N. runic stave-row.

The date is probably the 5th century A. D. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 533;

Vol. 3, p. 229; 4^° Hdbk. p. 173.







I*







CHAPTER II







BELLS.







1. /\lershiis, Kristiania, Norway. In the Palace Church, down to i860,

¥ras a Bell from about A. D. 1200, bearing 2 lines of later runes, the Runic Alphabet.

See Nicobj-sen, Norske Fomlevninger, 8vo, Kristiania 1862—66, p. 27.



2. Bunsnaes, Norway. The later runes. On a Bell which was carried to

Holland in 175), and there LOST. Date about A. D. 1400. Mentiond in my

collections.



^ Burseryd, Smaland. Church Bell, later staves. Latin, but in Runes-

Formula of the makers name. Date i2}8. See Liljegren, Run-urkunder, No. 1968,

p. 2;o, and his Run-urkunder, No. 1999, p. 235.



4. Dref Church, Smaland, Sweden. The later runes. See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 279. In 4* Hdbk. accidentally omitted. Cannot be further dated. Reverst

runes. APE MARIA &c.



s. Gjerpen, Thelemarken, Norway. The later runes. AUE MARIA &c.,

written out in full, and also Latin words. Arendts copy in my collections. Cannot

be further dated. — See No. p for the Large Gjerpen Bell. See Nicolaysen,

Norske Fomlevninger, p. 205.



6. Heide Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. The Swedish men

ISGEMAR and OLAF cast this BelL See Cari Save, Gotlands Runurkunder, No. 108,

p. 46; Liljegren. Runurkunder, No. 199J, p. 234.



7. Holmen, Sigdal, Norway. The /j/^r runes. Date ab. 11 50— 1250. See

0. R Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 278; 4«» Hdbk. p. 73.



8. Hval5er Church, Norway. The later runes. Cannot be further dated.

See Foren. til Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, Kristiania 1884, p. 127.



0. Jondal. Norway. In Roman staves, but with one Runic character

(5R -^ C.A copy in my collections). Cannot be further dated.



10. Saleby, W. Gotland, Sweden. The maker's name. Date ab. A. D. 1228.

See Liljegren. Run-urkunder, No. 1985, p. 2}}. With other words in Latin, but in



the Uter runes.



n. Sanda, Gotland, Sweden. Date when the Church Bell was cast, in the

Ukr runes, A. D. 14S7. See Liljegren, Run-urkunder, No. 1992, p. 234.







II. BELLS. 5



12. Sanda, Gotland, Sweden. Date when the Bell was cast, A. D. 1499.

Not in Liljegren. Mentiond in my Collections.



13. Tiuraberg, Sweden. On a Sacring Bell. Later staves. Maker's name.

Cannot be further dated. Not in Liljegren. Mentiond in my Collections.



14. Urdal, Stavanger, Norway. The later runes. See 01. Worm, Literatura

Runica, folio, Hafniae 1651, p. 134.



15. Vrigstad, Smaland, Sweden. The Church Bell. The Virgin's Salutation,

in Latin, but in the later runes. AUE MARl &c. in Latin, written out in full. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1989, p. 233.



16. Malm5, Sweden. The later Runes. AUE MARIA lESUS. See Liljegren,

Runurkunder No. 1980, p. 232. Cannot be further dated.



17. Nas Harad, Kila, Vermland. The name of the man who cast the Bell,

PETRUS, KURATUS. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1981, p. 232.



18. Vadsbo Harad, Elgaras. In the Later runes. The Alphabet, in reverst

staves. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1982, p. 232.

Cannot be further dated.



19. Vadsbo Harad, West Gotland, Eggby. The later runes, partly gone.

See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1983, p. 232.



20. Odensaker, W. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes, retrograde, redd

from right to left. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1984, p. 233.



21. Skaningsharad, Saleby, W. Gotland. The later runes. The date on the

Bell is 1228, with other words in Latin, but in the same staves. See Liljegren, Run-

urkunder, No. 1985, p. 233.



22. Gudhems Harad, Segerstad W. Gotland. The later runes, but retrograde.

See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1986, p. 233. Cannot be further dated.



23. Kuling's Harad, HGgsna, W. Gotland. AUE MARIA lESUS, and

in Latin staves the date 1362, with a long risting in Latin staves, and, in

reverst staves, ORATE AUE MARIA, lESSUS. See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1988, p., 233.



24. Ving, W. Gotland, Sweden. The date on the Bell is, in Majuscules,

1293. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1988, p. 233.



25. Torna Harad, Hardeberga, Skane, Sweden. PAR CRUCIS HOC SIHNUM

&c. The formula for driving away all evil things. Cannot be further dated. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1994, p. 284.



26. Aggershus Palace, Norway. The Runic Alphabet, in the later staves.

See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1995, p. 234. Cannot be further dated.



27. Valders, Ourdal, Norway. In later runes. KUpMAN cast me. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1996, p. 235. Cannot be further dated.



28. Telemarken, Bradsberg's Amt, Norway. UUNUULFER cast this Bell. In

later runes. On a small Sacring Bell. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1997, p. 235.

Cannot be further dated.



29. Telemark, Jerpen, Norway. AUE MARIA &c. Cannot be further dated.

See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1998, p. 235.







II. BELLS.







30. Ringerike, Brunsnas, N. Houg, Norway. Mentiond. See Liljegren, Run-

urkunder. No. 2000, p. 235.



31. Norway, unknown where. The later runes. A long inscription, difficult

to make out. A copy in my Collections.



32. Gjerpen, Norway. The later runes. But also Latin staves. The latter

say: Dextera domni fck (= fecit) uirtutem dextera domini exlauit me dextera. On a

small Bell. See No. 5 for the large Gjerpen Bell. — See Nicolaysen, Norske Fom-

levninger, p. 206.







CHAPTER III.



CASKETS.



1. JCngland. Morse Ivory. The old runes, in the Northumbrian dialect.

The inscription twice repeated on the bottom plate. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. ?78. 4»° Hdbk. p. 119. Date ab. A. D. 620—650. Wrote this NETHII, for the

noble /ELI of Montpelier of Gaul.



2. The Franks Casket, England, but bought in France. The old runes in

stave-rime verse and also Latin staves. Date ab. the 8th Century. See 0. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. I, p. 470; 4**^ Hdbk. 142—47. Northumbrian dialect. The fishes' flood

lifted the whale's bones &c.



J. NORWAY. The later runes. A casket of bronze, silverd. Date ab. loth

or nth yearhundred. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 476, A. RANUAIK owns

this casket.







CHAPTER IV.



CENSERS.







1. t5regninge, Slesvik, Denmark. Bronze Censer. Later runes. MAGIST/ER

LAn:e



12 Stenstrup, IVnmark Now in the Danish Museum. The later runes.

V,\V •■.LVi>/^ .\\>i V r i.i>K/y Cmnot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No ic^;, p 220 Of bron;e







IV. CENSERS. 9



I}. Tasinge, Bregninge, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later

runes. MESTER BO GUORTHE MIK. Cannot be further dated. Of bronze.



14. Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later runes. Bronze

Censer. lAKOBUS. Cannot be further dated.



15. Denmark. Unknown which church. The later runes. Now in the

Danish Museum. lAKOBUS. Bronze Censer. Cannot be further dated.



16. Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later runes. Bronze

Censer. KLYMAI/Efi (= KLEMENS). A long inscription, with the Latin angelic

salutation. Cannot be further dated.



17. Fyen, Denmark. Unknown which Church. Now in the Danish Museum.

The later runes. lAKOBUS RUFFUS, Cannot be further dated. Bronze Censer.



18. Hesselager Church, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later

runes. Date about the 14th yearhundred. lAKOB ROp, Bronze Censer.



19. Kullerup Church, Fyen, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The

later runes. Bronze Censer. GESVS. Letter from Dr. H.Petersen in 1878. Cannot

be further dated.



20. Lunde Church, Fyen, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The

later runes. Bronze Censer. lAKOBUS RUFFUS. Cannot be further dated.



21. Lunde, Jutland, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later

runes. Date ab. the 14th century. lAKOBUS RUFFUS. Cannot be further dated.



22. Norway. Unknown which Church. The later runes. lAKOBUS,

Arendt's full-sized drawing, in my collections. Cannot be further dated. Bronze Censer.



23. Soby Church, Asum Herred, Fyen. Now in the Danish Museum. The

later runes. ROfi. Bronze Censer. Cannot be further dated.



24. Steenstrup Church, Fyen, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The

later Runes. Bronze Censer. ROLUT. Cannot be further dated.



25. Svinninge, Fyen, Denmark. Now in the Danish Museum. The later

runes. lACOBUS RUFFUS. Bronze Censer. Cannot be further dated.



Censers of course existed by hundreds of thousands in Christian Europe, and

were all of bronze or some more precious metal. The very oldest, of which only

one specimen is known to me, is in the Stephens Museum, Vislanda Station, Smaland,

Sweden. It is of IRON, thus from the very oldest days, when Christians were poor

and the Church still poorer. It is of plain iron, with rude links of iron connecting

the two parts of the Holy Reek-basin.







CHAPTER V.







CROSSES.







1. t5ewcastle, Cumberland, England. The Old runes. Date ab. A. D. 670.

West side: CHRIST . lESUS CHRIST . This pillar was set up in memory of king

ALCFRIp OSWIUNG. — South side: May ALCFRIp lie in peace/ — North side:

KONNBURUG queen of ALCFRIp; KUNESWIpA (her sister); WULFHERE, king of

the Mercians, KUNNBURUGS brother : lESUS. Originally 20 feet high, now only

i4'A. See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 398; 4*° Hdbk. p. 128.



2. Bondarfve, Gotland, Sweden. A prayer for a man named NICHOLAS,

The later runes. Cannot be further dated. See Carl SSve, Gutniska Urkunder,

No. 80, p. 77.



3. Collingham, Yorkshire, England. Grave-cross found in 1841. The upper

stones do not belong to the lower. Date about A. D. 651. In memory of ONSWINI

OSRICSON, king of Deira, between the Humber and the Tyne. — See O. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. I, p. 390; 4^° Hdbk. p. 121.



4. Denmark. Latin staves, but with one double-rune. A prayer for a deceast

man. Date ab. A. D. 1439. Mentiond in my collections. Has a rune as the mark

of the builder.



5. Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England. Date about the 8th yearhundred. Frag-

ment of a memorial Cross. Northumbrian dialect. It is the smallest yet known to

me in England, and is in Roman letters only. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 200;

4*° Hdbk. p. 140.



6. Dover, Kent, England. Date ab. the 8th century. The name of the

deceast chief GYOSLHEARD, — See 0, N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 465; Vol. 2, p. 865;

4»® Hdbk. p. 140.



7. Hoddum, Northumbria, England. Part of a Runic Cross. The old Runes.

Date about the 9th century. Is LOST. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 483;

4'^ Hdbk. p. 152.



8. Kirkdale, Yorkshire, England. On the ends of a stone Cross. Fragment

of a grave-slab. The old runes. Canon Browne said as to this grave-stone (Vol. xlii

of the Archaeological Journal, p. 6): »lt is perishing miserably, may almost be said

to have perished .... Years ago runes could be read on it. To King Oswald, Now







V. CROSSES. I I



only one rune can be seen. I show a rubbing of what remained three years ago.« —

Haigh redd the inscription as: CONING OpILWOLD jEG. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. J, p. 184; 4^° Hdbk. p. 123.



9. Kirkdale, Yorkshire, England. Date about the 9th century. A ruined

Cross slab. The Old runes. But only one (J^ = NG) is now distinct. — See my

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 214; 4*° Hdbk. p 152.



10. Lindisfarne, Northumbria. Some old runes, but also some very antique

Latin staves. Found in 1827. Date ab. A. D. 698. Bears: The names of the apostles. —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 189; 4*° Hdbk. p. 133.



11. Man, the Hand. The rune-bearing and runeless gravestones and grave-

crosses of the Norse settlers in Man, all of the local clay- slate, are from the 12th

century, and not one of them can be further dated. See them in the works of

Gumming and Kermode &c. A couple of Roman and Ogham stones are also found,

but of course do not concern us here. One fragment, Andreas No. 5, with part of

the shaft of a Cross, has on one side SIGURD roasting the heart of the dragon FAFNE;

above, his horse, GRANE, is standing near, and we also see one of the talking

birds; below, is another dragon, SIGURD stabbing it with his sword. On the other

side of this remarkable block is the Bound LOKE, the poison -spitting serpent

above him.



12. Man, the Hand. Andreas No. i. The later runes. Only the latter

part of the stone left. Bears: .... raizd this cross to his father. Cannot be

further dated.



13. Man, the iland. The later runes. A great number of bind-staves, which

cannot be translated. Found in 1886 by Mr. P. M. C. Kermode, of Ramsay, Man.

The later runes. Cannot be further dated.



14. Man, the Iland. Andreas No. 6. The later runes. SONTULF (= SAND-

WULF) raizes a funeral Cross to his wife. Cannot be further dated.



15. Man, the Hand. Andreas No. 7. The later runes. Only the first half

of the stone left. Bears: Raizd by pURUALTR. Cannot be further dated.



16. Man, the Iland. Ballaugh. The later runes. ONLAIB raizd this Cross

to his son. Cannot be further dated.



17. Man, the Iland. The later runes. UTR raizd this Cross to his father.

Cannot be further dated.



18. Man, the Iland. Braddan No. 5. The later runes. pURFEAK raizd the

cross to his son. Cannot be further dated.



19. Man, the Iland. Braddan No. 13. The later runes. HROSKITIL betrayd

his fellow oath swearer. Cannot be further dated.



20. Man, the Iland. Braddan No. 17. THURLAB raizd the Cross to his

son. The later runes. Cannot be further dated.



21. Man, the Iland. Braddan No. 18. The later runes. Only the

first half of the stone left. THURBIURN raizd the Cross &c. Cannot be

further dated.



22. Man, the Iland. Conchan No. i. The later runes. ...raizd in memory

of his friends named on the stone. Cannot be further dated.



2*







t - V. CROSSES.



2^ Man, the Hand. German No. i. The later runes. Only the



first part of the block left: INOSRUp carvd the runes to Cannot be



further dated.



24. Man, the Hand. German No. 2. The later runes. Only the latter part

of the stone left. ... to his daughter . . . Cannot be further dated.



25. Man, the Hand. Jurby Vicarage No. i. The later runes. ONUN wrote

/A^ runes after &c. Cannot be further dated.



26. Man, the Hand. Maughold No. 2. The later runes. Five men lie here

in Christ, in Kurna-dale (a place still left). Cannot be further dated.



27. Man, the Hand. The later runes. Only j inside words left on the

broken stone. Cannot be further dated.



28. Man, the Hand. Michael No. 3. The later runes. MALLUMKUM

raizd &c. Better to leave a good foster -son than a bad son. Cannot be

further dated.



29. Man, the Hand. Michael No. 4. The later runes. GRIM raizd this

Cross &c. Cannot be further dated.



JO. Man, the Hand. The later runes. Michael No. 6. ... to GRIM the

suarthw Cannot be further dated.



J I. Man, the Hand. Michael No. 7. The later runes. lUALFIR raizd the

Cross to his mother. Cannot be further dated.



32. Man, the Hand. Michael No. 10. The later runes. Only the upper

part of the block left, and therefore an incomplete inscription. Cannot be

further dated.



J J. Man, the Hand. The later runes. MAILBRIKTI made this cross

and all in Man. But we have no date for when he did so. Cannot be

further dated.



J4. Ruthwell, Northumbria, England. Date ab. A. D. 680. The old runes,

but also very ancient Latin letters. West side: A. Topstone. St. John and his Etigle.

B. Ann -piece, modern. C. Bowman taking aim. D. The Visitation of St. Mary and

St, Elizabeth. E. St. Mary Magdalene. F. Christ heals the man born blind. G. The

annunciation. H. The Crucifixion^ nearly gone. Sorth side. Christ the Vine. South

side The old runes: Girded Him then God the Almighty &c. Topstone. IN PRIN-

aPIO 4c.. and the words CADMON ME FAUCEtO = Gz^on composed me Was

orii^nally 20 feet high, is now only 17. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1. p. 405;

Vol. 2, p. 865: Vol. ;, p. 189; 4"* Hdbk. p. ijo.



}v Thomhill, Yorkshire, England. Date ab, the 8th century. A grave-cross

fragment The old runes. ETHELBERHT set after ETHELH'IM DERING. See

O X Run Mon. Vol. j, p. 209; 4* Hdbk. p. 14S.



;6. Thomhill. Yorkshire, England. The old Runes, Date ab. the 8th year-

z^r.irtd. A grave-cross shaft. E.4DRED set after the lady EATEYA. — See O. N.

R-r: Mon Vol ;, p. 210; 4* Hdbk. p. 14S.



97. Thomhill, Yorkshire, England. Date ab, A. D. 867. Sot in runes, but

;.T ±t Northumbrian folktalk. Only a small part of the center remains. ECGBERCHT







V. CROSSES. I 3



/A/5 set after OSBERCHT &c. Pray &c. OSBERCHT fell in the battle at York against

the Danes in 867. He was succeeded by ECGBERCHT. - See 0. N. Run. Men.

Vol. 3, p. 212; 4^° Hdbk. p. 150.



38. Wycliffe, Northumbria, England. Date ab. the 8th century. Not in

Runes, and LOST. BAEDA set after BERCHWINi Fragment of a grave-cross. —

See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 476, E.



39. Yarm, Yorkshire, England. Date ab. 684—700. Fragment of a large

grave-cross. Not in Runes, but in old Northumbrian. — Pray for tru) MBERECHT 4-

Sac. (= Sacerdoti, Bishop). ALLA this sign (= memorial) after his brother set. —

See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 189; 4^° Hdbk. p. 132.







CHAPTER VI.







DIALS.







1. L^leobury Mortimer, Shropshire, England. The old runes. Date

about the 6th century. Let the CLAW (= pointer) EYE (= show you!) —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. i6o; 4*° Hdbk. p. 114. This piece was ploughd

up in 1816.



2. Edstone, Pickering, Yorkshire. In old runes and Latin. ORLOGIVM

VIATORUM.* LODAN ME WROHTE. The Horologue (Sundial) of Wayfarers.

Lothan me wrought Engraved from Haigh's drawing by Habner, in his »Inscriptiones

Christianeae«, 1876, p. 66; and by Haigh himself in the Yorkshire Archaeol. & Top.

Journal, Parts 17, 18, Vol. 5, p. 134 and fol., London 1879. See Plate i, and p. 146,

157. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 368.



3. Kirkdale, Moorside, Yorkshire, England. In the old runes, but with some

antique Latin letters. The largest and most beautifully executed stone Sundial in

England. Date ab. A. D. 1050 — 1060. The cross-marks indicate the time for Lauds,

Prime, Tierce, Sext, None and Vespers. This piece was engraved by Brooke in

Archaelogia, Vol. 5, 1779, p. 188; in Cough's Camden, Vol. 3, p. 330, p. 743; in

Eastmead's Hist, of Kirkby Moorside, opposite p. 152. Last, on a small scale, by

Habner, Inscr. Brit. Christ, p. 65. — TOSTI is supposed to have succeeded SIWARD

in 1055, and to have been outlawd in 1065. A splendid drawing, beautifully copied

by his own hand, was kindly sent me by Haigh. It will be given by me, one half

the size, in my O. E. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



ORM GAMALSUNA bohte Scs Gregorivs Minster, donne hit wes eel to-brocan

and tofalan; and he hit let macan newan from grunde, CArist^ and Scs Gregorivs, in

Eadward dagym, cunung, in TOSTI dagvm, eorl



4. Skelton Church yard, Cleveland, England. Only the right half left, and

we shall never know the wordfall of the donor. It is in the later runes, but partly

also in Latin letters. Found in 1891. First described in »The Reliquary «, London,

New Series, Vol. 6, p. 65. The inscription is:



NAJEBEL.OK.







VI. DIALS. 15



The NAI may well have been NAT, thus NAT-EBEL, nut-apples. The Roman letter

S is possibly all left of (CHRISTU)S, and the whole risting may have been a

prayer by the giver, that the Lord of the Sun would let fruit, and apples grow for

the good of His people. Date about the iith yearhundred A. D. — It will appear

in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio. Vol. 4.



5. Thornaby, Yorkshire, England. Slightly scribbled in, below a small

stone Sundial in the wall of the Church, which is of early Norman date. Carvd

about A. D. HOC. It was communicated to me by M. Fallow, Esq. In spite of

many accidental -scratches, we can read: IT BISTR IS AN BI-UIK. This is the best

at Bi'WiL Where BI-WIK is, I do not know. It is not in Philip's Atlas of the

counties of England.







I



L







CHAPTER VII







DIES, &c.







1. Dergen, Norway. A Silver Apostles -spoon. The later runes. Found in

1880. Says: Given by MICKEL COPSON to his betrothed, I give the w^hole naive

risting, with the date: MICKEL COPSON BRITE IVRIENS DOCHTER den sche

hafer iegh ge/e hene i elskegave an 7/73. Copied by myself in Bergen.



2. Frederiksberg, Sealand, Denmark. A small stone amulet for finding a

Thief. The old runes say: (THIEF-FIND), PIWByO-FUNt/?. Date about 750^800

A. D. Is now in the Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station, Smaland^ Sweden.



3. Jyderup, Sealand, Denmark. A small triangular Amulet, of Glimmer

Sandstone. Dug up in 1866. The old runes. Date of side A about 800 — 900 A. D.

Date of side B. ab. 1200^1300 A. D. — ? TYW AL! — OTYW, ele (help)! — ?

TYW AL! WXYZ. - See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 859; Vol. j, p. 146; Quarto

Handbook p. loi. — Is in the same Museum.



4. Maglekilde, Sealand, Denmark. The later runes. A thin narrow bronze

Amulet. Date about the nth yearhundred A. D. Bears: the names SIUARp, OLUFR,

and other binds and marks. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 864; Vol. j, p. 147;

and Quarto Handbook p. 103.



5. Sealand, Denmark. A small Die of Soapstone (Steatite). In the later

runes. Date about the 8th century A. D. Apparently says: The good throw. The

bad throw. It is now in the Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station, SmSland,

Sweden. Found at Frederiksberg. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 340; 4^^ Hdbk. p. 97.



6. Stockholm. Sweden. A gilt Silver-spoon. In the later runes an inscription,

teaching that drink should not be abuzed. — See Liljegren's Run-lara, p. 158. In Roman

letters is cut IHS.







CHAPTER VIII







FONTS.







1. Akirkeby, Bornholm, Denmark. The later runes. The life of Christ, in

short sentences. Date ab. A. D. 1275 — ijoo. See Wimmer, Akirkeby Ddbefont, Kj5b.

1887, 4**>. Is of stone.



2. Bardlingbo, Gotland, Sweden. Stone Font. The later runes. Bears: The

names of the 4 Evangelists. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1973, p. 2}o; Carl S^ve, Gotlands Runinskrifter, No. 85, p. 44.



3. Barse,. Denmark. Stone Font. The Runic Alphabet. Cannot be further

dated. In the later runes. See Thorsen, De Danske Runemindesmaerker, Vol. 2, i,

Plate 88, and Vol. 2, 2, p. 212.



4. BSrse, Denmark. Runic stone Font. A fragment of the later alphabet.

See Thorsen, Vol. 2, 2, p. 264. Cannot be further dated.



5. Bingley, York?hire, England. Stone Font. The old runes. Date ab.

768—770. EADBIERHT ciinung let make this dipstone for UT. Pray for his soul.

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 486; Vol. 3, p. 194; 4*<> Hdbk. p. 137.



6. Bladinge, SmSland, Sweden. The later runes. FINFIpIR carvd this Font

at TIURABERG. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1970, p. 230.



7. Bridekirk, Cumberland, England. The later runes. RICHARD made me,

and to this beauty me brought. Stone Font. — Date about the 12th cientury. See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 489; Vol. 3, p. 221.; 4^^ Hdbk. p. 160.



8. Br5ndum, Jutland, Denmark. Stone Font. The later runes. Date about

the 1 2th yearhundred. Four Crosses on the flat rim, and in later runes RAESy€. —

See Wimmer, Akirkeby D5befont, 4*^ Kj5benhavn 1887, p. 14 and Chemitype.



9. Find5, Norway. On the Church Stone -font. The later runes. — AUE

&€. to the Virgin Mary. — Fyhns copy, in my collections. Cannot be further dated.



10. Finnekumla, W.Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. The maker's name:

ANDREAS. Date, about the cloze of the 12th yearhundred. — Se Svenska Forn-

minnesfOrenings Tidskrift, Vol. 3, p. 175.



11. Finnekumla, W. Gotland, Sweden. Stone Font, now in the Gotenburgh

Museum. T-he later runes. The maker's name: ANDREAS. — See Svenska Forn-

minnesfdrenings Tidskrift, Vol. 5, p. 256. Date, the cloze of the 12th century.



12. H5r, SkSne, Sweden. The later runes. The maker's name: MARTIN.

Cannot be further dated. Stone Font. — See Liljegren, Runlara, p. 164.







1 8 VIII. FONTS.



13. Hosmo, Smaland, Sweden. Stone Font. Bears: lAKOB he hight

Cannot be further dated..— See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1971, p. 230.



14. Kareby, Inlands Harad, Bohuslan, Sweden. The later runes. Bears:

Let him make this oat who can. LAS (= LAURENTIUS) made me, in OKR, A Stone

Font. A homestead is still named AKER, near Norum. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol.2, p. 665. Cannot be. further dated.



15. Lilla Harrie, Skane, Sweden. On a stone Font. The later runes.. The

maker's name: MARTIN. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runlara, p. 164.



16. L5nborg Church, Skane, Sweden. A stone Font. The later runes.

The maker's name is not given in the copy mentiond in my Collections. Cannot be

further dated.



17. Norum, Sweden. A stone Font. The later runes. — SUyEN gared

me &rc. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1976, p. 231.



18. Ortofta, Skane, Sweden. A Stone Font. The later runes. The makers

name: MARTINI. — See Liljegren, Runlara, p. 164.



19. Os, Norway. The later runes. Large tall stone Font. A figure at each

of the 4 corners of the base, one of them the Crucifixion. All the small staves are

deeply cut. — AK ASI, ASI hewd this. Date about the 1 2th century. — Copied by

myself, in 1881.



20. Pjetteryd, Sunnerbo, Smaland, Sweden. Stone Font. The late runes.

In Latin. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1969, p. 230.



21. Sallerup, Skane, Sweden. The later runes. Stone Font. On the top:

MARTIEN made me. Date about the 12th century. See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1974, p. 2}i; Wimmer, Akirke DQbefont, 4*°, Kj5benhavn.i887, p. 14 and Chemitype.



22. S^m, W. Gotland, Sweden. Stone Font. The later runes. Date about

the 1 2th century. The maker's name: ANTREOS (= ANDREAS). — See Svenska

FornminnesfOreningens Tidskrift, Vol. j, p. 174.



2}. Selde, Denmark. Stone Font. The later Runes. — // is good to carve

a fTont. — See Thorsen, De Danske Runemindesmaerker, Vol. 2, part i, pi. 62; Vol. 2,

Part 2, p. 169. — Date ab. A. D. ipo.



24. Skyum, Jutland. A stone Font. The later runes. Three Crosses in

different parts of the flat rim, and the word: KIR (= the laver of regeneration).

Date about the 12th century. — See Wimmer, Akirke D5befont, 4**^, p. 14 and

Chemitype.



25. SOderviddinge, Skane, Sweden. Stone Font. The later runes. — On

the flat rim of the top, the maker's formula: MARTEN made me. — See Liljegren,

Runlara, p. 164; Wimmer, Akirke D5befont, 4*°, Kj5b. 1887, p. 14 and Chemitype.



26. Tr5gd H^rad, Listena, Upland, Sweden. The later runes. The Runic

Alphabet, cut on a block now uzd to help a man to get on his horse. See R. Dybeck,

Svcrikes Runurkunder, No. 59.







CHAPTER IX.



WEAPONS. ARROWS, AXES, HAMMERS.



1. Arrows. OM N. runes. Nydam Moss, S. Jutland, Denmark. Date

ab. A. D. 2 50 — joo — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 300. The last part of a

Mansname — ULIA. Dug up in 1874.



2. Jutland, Denmark. Found in 1881. Formula of the owner, pORDUR,

Is a stone Hammer. Was sold by the late dealer S. Henriques to the Hon. Major-

general Lane Fox of London, in 1881. In the later Runes. A copy is in my Collec-

tions. — Several arrows bear, in old runes, marks of the owners. One has a plain A;

another a kind of bind-rune; a third a reverst L; a 4th a reverst L\JM. — See O.N.

Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 299; 4th Hdbook p. 81. Such arrows were dug up in 1859,

1862 and 186}. Their date is about the 3rd century A. D.



}. Sealand, Denmark. A small stone Hammer, 2374 inches long by 22 inches

deep. The owner's name: BROfiER. Found in 1876. A copy is in my collections.

The later runes. Cannot be further dated.



4. Upsala, Upland, Sweden. A stone Axe. The older runes: — OLfiA

owns this Axe. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 204; Vol. 3, p. 36; 4**^ Hdbk. p. 28.

Date about A. D. 600—700.







I*







CHAPTER X.







WEAPONS. SHIELDS.







1. Ivike, Nedenes Amt, Norway. The later runes. Date ab. A. D. iioo —

1200. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 293; Vol. 2, p. 586; 4*° Hdbk. p. 77. Carvd

on the flat rim of a Roman shield boss. Date ab. A. D. 250 — 300. — /EISG AH,

j^ISG owns me,



2. Sutton, lie of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. In Roman letters, but with

the old rune W. Has a second inscription with 0. N. runes. It says: / belong to

/EDUWEN , whom Christ take into His holy keeping, God curse him who beareth me

from my owner, unless she should deliver me to him of her own free will. Thus the

owner was a Lady, a »Shield-may«. Her Shield-boss was of Silver, If not in the

British Museum, it is now probably LOST. It also bears a short line in the later

runes. Date about A. D. 900—1000. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, p. 290 and fol.







CHAPTER XI.



WEAPONS. SPEARS &c.







1. JVovel, Volhynia, Russia. An Iron Spear- head. The old runes. The

ornaments and letters filled in with Silver inlay. Ploughd up in 1858. Bears the

owner's name: TIL^ERINGS, in reverst letters. Date about the 4th yearhundred

A. D. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 266; 4**^ Hdbk. p. 204.



2. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. In the Old runes. Only 2 fragments,

of ash-wood. Unearthd in 1865. Is a knife-handle or small box or anulet or some-*

thing such. The letters left are: .... N/EU (or /EyEU) .... UM/E BERjE. Date

about the 4th century. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 3, p. 133; 4*° Hdbk. p. 90.



3. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. The O. N. Runes cut in single, double

three-double and 4-double lines. Is of ash-wood. Bears a mythic formula: I, ERIL,

ANS'UGGS (= Woden's) iron -storm piercer (= this Lance) bid— go, go gainst the

savage: hence hurry H /EG/EL quick. On gory war -bed (gash him thro), — Is, in

verse, the Ban on casting the warspear over the enemy's border. Date about the

4th century A. D. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. folio. Vol. 3, p. 133; 4*^ Hdbk. p. 90.



4. MOncheberg, Mark Brandenberg, Germany. Bears, in 0. N. reverst runes,

the owner's name: UyENING^E. Date about A. D. 250—350. — See O. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. 3, p. 270; 4*° Hdbk. p. 205.



5. Torcello, Venezia, Italy. Iron Spear- head. Reverst 0. N. runes. Bears

the owner's name: TENINGjE, Date about the 4th century A. D. — See 0. N. Run.

Mon. Folio, p. 485; 4*° Hdbk. p. 253.



6. Vall5by, Sealand, Denmark. A bronze vessel with handle, found in 1872

in a skeleton mansgrave. The old runes. Bears only the owner's name, WIIS(A) or

WIS(iE) or WIS(I), the last stave being doubtful. Date about the 4th century A. D. —

See O. N. Run. Mqn. folio. Vol. 3, p. 136; Quarto Hdbk. p. 91.







CHAPTER XII.



WEAPONS. SWORDS.







1. V^hesselJ Down, He of Wight, England. Iron Sword. The old runes.

Date ab. A. D. 500—600. Bears: A spell forbidding treachery of the enemy against the

bearer, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 459; 4*^ Hdbk. p. 245.



2. Gilton Ash, Kent, England. Silver hilt of an Iron Sword. The old

runes. Bears: / eke (increase) victory; merrily me brandish, D/EGMUND, — See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. jyo; Vol. j, p. i6j; 4**^ Hdbk. p. 115.



V Greenmount, Louth, Ireland. Bronze plate, the fitting of a Sword-belt.

Found in 1870 in a man's grave. The later runes. Says: TOMNAL SELSHOFOfi

owns this sword. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 307.



4. Kors5deglird, Hedemarken, Norway. On a bronze leaf attacht to the hilt

of a two-edgd Sword. Found together with a round Shield in 1880. The later

runes. Date ab. A. D. 1100— 11 50. Inscription: on the grip: AUMIT/ER made me;

AOSLAK/ER owns me. — Drawing receivd from Prof. C. Rygh in 1880. — See For-

tekning til Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, 1880, p. 184. — See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 3, p. 168, 428.



5. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. Bit of a wooden Knife-handle, which

bore the old runes. Is LOST. Date about the 4th yearhundred A. D. — See O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 133.



6. Lundby, Jutland, Denmark. The bone hilt of a sword for warding off

a blow. The blade itself has melted away in the bog-water. Date about A. D.

1400 -1450. Bears the owner's name and abode: UMST/EF in REIER'S house at

SVEIE. Found in 1886. — It will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 4, folio.



7. Saebd, Hoprekstad, Sognefjord, Norway. Now in the Bergen Museum.

The old runes, retrograde, with if^ for I>UR, and also Roman staves. Date ab. A. D.

75f>— 8fX). Name of the Iron Sword's possessor: pURMUp owns me. — See O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 407; 4"* Hdbk. p. 242.



8. Thames, London, England. Iron Sword (or very large Knife). The old

runes. Bears the Alphabet in Futhork order, followd by the name of the owner or

maker: BEAGNOI*. Date ab. the 5th century after Christ. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 361; Vol. 3, p. 159; 4**^ Hdbk. p. III.







XII. WEAPONS. SWORDS. 2}



9. Thorsbjerg Moss, S. Jutland, Denmark. The old Runes. Which say:

NIWiENG - MiERIA OWLtU - tEW^EA = NIW/ENG-M/ERIA-gives-this-sword to-her-

friend'OWLpU'pEW/E, A chief of the same name, PEWM (dat. PEW^EA, as here)

is commemorated on the Valsfjord cliff, Norway, which see. There were clans of

the NIWINGAS in 6 different English counties. ~ Found together with a Roman

Shield-boss, inscribed AEL . AELIANUS, in dotted letters. — The date is about A. D.

250—300. — See 0, N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 285; Vol. j, p. 121; 4'® Hdbk. p. 77.



10. Vi Moss, Alles5, Fyen, Denmark. Silver clasp to hang at a Sword-belt.

The O. Northern Runes. What is left of the staves gives no meaning. Date aB.

A. D. joo— 350. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 301; Vol. j, p. 124; 4**'

Hdbk. p. 82.



11. Vi Moss, Alles5, Fyen, Denmark. Brass Buckle for a Sword-belt. Is

ornamented with Silver. The old runes. Name of the owner: /E^D^G^S(U)

L.€^S/EUWINGy€ (= EDGISLI LESSING). Date ab. A. D. 300—350. See O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 125; 4*° Hdbk. p. 84.







CHAPTER XIII.



TWAY- STAVED (BILINGUAL).







1. Aldborough, Yorkshire, England. Northumbrian dialect. A couple of

the old Runes, otherwise in Latin staves. Is carvd on a stone roundlet. A mighty

Earl ULF had his seat at Aldborough, in the days of Edward Confessor and king

Cnut. Date ab. A. D. 1050— 1060. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. XXII.



2. Falstone, Northumbrian England. The old Runes and Roman staves. —

EOMAER set this after his ancle. Pray for his souL — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. 456; 4**> Hdbk. p. i}6. Cannot be further dated.



}. Sl5ta, Vartofta, W. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes, but also LMtin

staves. A coped stone. No. 1638 in Liljegren's Runurkunder. BEORN HOS/E-SON

raizd this to his wife. Master HARALD made it. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. 457. — Cannot be further dated.



4. Ugglum, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped stone. The later runes, but also

Latin staves. No. i6j6 in Liljegren's Runurkunder. REGINMOT let make this vault

in minne of GUNNAR ESBEORNSSON. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 459.

Cannot be further dated.



5. Valtorp, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped stone. — OLE SHIALDOLFS

(= SKALDWOLFS) SON raizd this to GUNNUR his wife. Master HARALD made

me. The later runes. — See Liljegren's Runurkunder, No. 1640. 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p.. 458. Cannot be further dated.



6. Vinge, W. Gotland, Sweden. The Later runes and Latin letters. —

BOTILT let make this vault in memory of SUEN TORMOSON. HARALD made me. —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 458. Cannot be further dated.



7. Vinge Churchyard, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped stone. The later



runes and Latin letters. Only a fragment let raize this after SUEN Steen-



nuesteri made me. — See C. J. Ljungstr5m, Ahs ock Vedens H^rader. 4% Stockholm

1865. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 460. — Cannot be further dated.







CHAPTER XIV.



THE HOME. BROOCHES.







Fibulas, of various metals and variously ornamented, are common in all

lands and times. Those with Runic inscriptions are few. Up to May 1894 we

have only



I here tabulate them all.



1. Balingen, WUrtemburg, Germany. A round gold Brooch with a Silver

underplate. In the old runes. Is in the Stuttgart Museum. It was found by Docent

SOderberg' to be a rune-bearer in 1887. He dates it at about A. D. 650—700. It is

mentiond in »MSnadsbladet«, Stockholm 1890, p. 144. The reading is: HALF-

DANILO AMILUNGE = Half-Danilo to Amilung. Thus it is a WANDERER from

Denmark. It will appear in my O. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4. — See J. Naue,

Prahistorische Blatter, 2nd yearly volume. Vol. 3, MOnchen 1890.



2. Charnay, Burgundy, France. A silver Fibula, parcel-gilt. Found in 1857.

It bears 2} letters of the O. N. alphabet, in the Futhork order. Thereafter, in the

center of the back, KR, a contraction. It is thus a WANDERER from Norway; no

other dialect than the N. 1. has the word KEENG for Brooch, tho in a nearly allied

meaning it is found in Sweden and England. Date ab. the 5th century A. D. See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 587; Vol. 3, p. 97; and 4^° Handbook p. 60.



]. Ems, Nassau, Germany. The lower half of a silver Brooch. The old

runes. — M/EDEN to UB-ByEDA (= Up-Baeda), Date about the 6th century A. D. —

See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 274; 4*<>Hdbk. p. 210.



4. England. Found in Kent. Silver, parcel -gilt. The old runes. I hope

this Fibula is now in the British Museum. A second runeless one was found by its

side. It says: Made by GEMLINC for the lady INCA. — It will appear in my 0. N.

Run. Mon., folio, Vol. 4. It came from the Bateman Collection.



5. Etelhem, Gotland, Sweden. A silver-gilt Fibula; zigzags and the old

runes filled -in with a bluish niello, the rest richly gilt. It says: Me MIRIL.E wrtce

^= made). Date ab. the 5th century A. D. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 182;

4'o Hdbk. p. 1}.







26 XIV. THE HOME. BROOCHES.



6. FonnSs, Norway. The largest Silver Brooch yet found in Scandinavia.

Bears the old runes. Date about the 6th century A. D. — The risting says: / BIM

(^ I be, I am) ULTIA'S. She was English, LA'S daughter, ASFS son, I AM was

probably written in England, the rest in Norway when she had married a Norwegian

husband; the last words were maybe added by a child or a grandchild, in her

memory. See the explanatory remarks hereon in 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. loi;

4^ Hdbk. p. 67. — This is the first time the word ENGLISH is found in Scandinavia.



7. Freilaubersheim , Rheinhessen, Germany. A Silver Fibula, parcel-gilt.

The border- decoration filled -in with niello. The old runes. Found in 1878 in a

lady*s grave. Date ab. the 7th century A. D. Doubtless a Norse piece. It says:

BOSO wrote these runes, son of (O)pCA, priestess of the D/ETHE clan. — See 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 109; 4*° Handbook p. 70.



8. Himling5ie, Sealand, Denmark. Parcel -gilt bronze Fibula, overlaid with

thin plates of silver. The old runes. Date ab. A. D. 250 — joo. Bears the name

of the deceast: H/ERISO. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 297; Vol. 2, p. 857;

4«o Hdbk. p. 80.



9. Horsens, Denmark. Partly silverd bronze Brooch. Bears only 6 later

runes, which to us give no meaning. Cannot be further dated. A copy is in my

Collections.



10. Nordendorf, Augsburg, Bavaria. A silver-gilt fibula with niello. Date

ab. the 5th yearhundred A. D. Bears j ristings, with the old runes, on the back,

the names of 3 successive owners: /E LEUBWINI, Leubwini owns this brooch. The

mansname LONyEWORE. And last, WOD^EN gives this to the lady WINlWONyEW.

— See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 574; Vol. 3, p. 157; 4*° Handbook p. 109.



11. Nordendorf, Augsburg, Bavaria. A silver Fibula with gilding and niello.

The old runes. Date ab. the 5th century A. D. Says: To the lady BIRLNIA, ELS

gave this. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. ?, p. 158; 4*° Hdbk. p. no.



12. Northumbria, England. A silver brooch. The old runes say: GUDRID

me wrought. ^LCFRITH me owns. For the moment this piece is LOST". — Date

ab. the 7th yearhundred A. D. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. }86; Vol. j, p. 184;

4"» Handbook p. 125.



13. Norway, Strand, A-fjord near Tronyem. The later runes. Date ab. the

9th century A. D. The inscription says it was a parting gift. Sail he with HAIL

(luck!). May this Brooch be for luck! — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 114.



14. Osthofen, Rheinhessen, Germany. A fibula with the old runes. Date

ab. the sth century A. D. Is of gilt bronze. The risting says: GONRAT FUpE







XIV. THE HOME. BROOCHES. 2J



(fayd, made) me, DAH owns me. No German or Saxon talk ever had FUtE for

made or OH for owns, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 585; Vol. 3, p. 159; Quarto

Handbook p. 111.



15. Skabersj5, SkSne, Denmark. A thin plate of solid bronze, excellently

cast, the front once richly gilt. Date of inscription ab. the 8th century. The plaque

itself is older, ab. A. D. 500—600. It is well preservd, but the iron tung is gone

from the back. The later runes say: aeu itaeu faenka fiae asis, in cei cekcesup uk Icean

eel , (aka-sap) = the sup (Hull) of AKI (= a Wiking-ship). Freely translated: Lightly

melts away from the generous Sea-king the rich spoil it was so easy for him to win;

but his battle -ship and all his honors and rewards abide yet with him, — See 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 389.







4*







CHAPTER XV.







THE HOME. COMBS.







I Lincoln, England. A bone Comb. The later runes. Found in 1851

with another, uninscribed. — Bears: THORFAST made this good Comb. Cannot be

further dated. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 223.



2. Lund, Skane, Sweden. Now in the Lund Fornhall. The later runes.

Only about 4V8 inches long by iVs deep. Left unfinisht by the maker. Found in

1881. ARNKUN GAF MIK.IAK Cannot be further dated.



3. Lund, Skane, Sweden. An ivory Comb, found in a peat-bog. It is 2 'A

inches long by 3 deep. Bears 13 old runes, perhaps contractions, for to us they give

no meaning. Communicated by Adjunkt Bruzelius to Thomsen in 1823. A copy is

in my Collections. Cannot be further dated.



4. Vi Moss, Allesc), Fyen, Denmark. A bone Comb. The older runes. The

owner's name: HiERINGiE. — Date ab. A. D. 300—350. — See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 1, p. 305; Vol. 3, p. 124; 4*^Hdbk. p. 82.



5. West Thorp Moss, Skane, Sweden. The old Runes. Made of the tooth

of the Walrus. Date ab. the 8th yearhundred A. D. IIT hewd (made) this for UNBO.

Runes reverst. The mansname UNNBO also occurs on the Reidstad stone, Norway. —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 222; Vol. 3, p. 36; 4*^ Hdbk. p. 30.



6. Whitby, Yorkshire. Found, among other refuse, in the kitchen-midden of

the old monastic family (house) at Whitby. The old runes. Bears the prayer of the

Cloister-folk: God bless us! God Almighty help our house! — Date ab. A. D.

600—650. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 180; 4*^ Hdbk. p. 118.



7. York, England. Bone Comb. Now in the York Museum. Was never

finisht, the owner being hinderd from adding made me. Only his name, FIKIL, is

left. The later runes. Cannot be further dated. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 37.







CHAPTER XVI.







THE HOME. RINGS.







1. Angelstad, Smaland, Sweden. The later Runes. Iron Ring on the

West door of the Church. Name of the giver of the Ring: M ANNUS THEN A giuip

meh. Gup sihni pcen! — Date ab. A. D. 1350 — 1400. — Engraved and ex-

plaind by Carl Save in »M5nadsblad«, Stockholm, Sept. 1873, p. 129 and fol.;

and by me in the number for Oct. 1873; and in »Illustreret Tidende«, Kj5benhavn,

19. Jan. 187}.



2. Bornholm, Denmark. An iron Ring, in middle-age barbarous Majuscules.

The later Runes. A drawing, in the Danish Museum, is in my Collections. Date

ab. A. D. 1000 — 1 100.



}. Buzeu, Wallachia; also called Petrusse, Roumania. A golden Neckring.

— Given to the heathen temple of the Goths. Date about 200—250 A. D. This costly

piece was stolen and broken and partly sold for the value, of the metal. But in the

Stephens Museum, Vislanda Station, Husaby, Sweden, is a perfect copper-gilt

facsimile. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 567; Vol. }, p. 265; 4^° Hdbk. p. 203.



4. Coquet Hand, Northumberland, England. A ring of lead, once silverd,

and made to pass for silver. Found about i860. The later runes. Bears: pIS IS

SIUILFUR(N). Date ab. A. D. 800-^900. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 480;

4'^Hdbk. p. 151.



5. C5rlin, Pomerania. Golden finger-ring. Bears: Name of the owner,

j^LU, The old runes. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 600; 4*° Hdbk. p. 206. —

Date about A. D. 400— -500.



6. Cramond, Edinburgshire, Scotland. A bronze finger-ring. The old runes.

Found in 1869. Date ab. A. D. 900 — 1000. What is left of the risting gives no

clear meaning. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 602; Vol. 3, p. 215; 4*° Hdbk.

p. 155; and Proceedings of the Antiquarian Soc. of Scotland, Vol. 9, p. 2, and Edin-

burgh 187}, p. 458.



7. Dalby, S. Jutland, Denmark. A golden Diadem or Head-wreath. Found

in 1840. The old runes. Bears the name of the owner, LUfoRO (which may also

be redd LEpRO; perhaps also LOI^RO, L.owns me, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. 283; Vol. 3, p. 128; 4*° Hdbk. p. 80. Cannot be further dated.







i^ XVI. THE HOME. RINGS.



*. Debbo, Hekingland, Sweden. Church door Iron Ring. Large. The

later runts. The makers formala of the gift of the Ring to the Church. Is in stave-

rnne and end -rime. SIA MA PV A MYH.AI MA PU FA MIK.KUNNAR K^ERM

MIK,KIRKAL\ A MYH. — SALUYH MARIA! — See may thou on me. Not may

thoa fang (= fftj me. Kunnar gored (= made) me. Salve Maria! The post-article,

yet in its infancy, here mechanically creeps in, Kirk the. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 2, p. 666- — Cannot be further dated.



9- Dunegard, Dalhem, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. — Date about

A. D. ijoo— i?6i. Sa>-5: BOTUItR AF ALSKU AIK. BOTUlp of ALSMik

owns me. The local name of the findstead is still ALSKA. Found in i88i.

See Docent Sdderfoerg. >0m nagra nyfunna Gotlandska Runinskrifter« , Lund

i888, 4*, p. J.



ID. England. yEthreds Finger-ring. The later runes and also Latin letters,

on a dark niello ground. Date about A. D. 700—800. — /ETHRED owns me.

EASRED canrd me. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 463; 4**^ Hdbk. p. 139.



11. England, unknown where. The old runes. Date about A. D. 800—900.

Bears the common olden mansname OWL. Material unknown. For the present

LOST. — See O- N. Run. Mon Vol.}. p. 213; 4'<>Hdbk. p. 151.



12. England. — Four Amulet Rings, of gold, electrum, agate and copper. —

A magical formula, older and later runes. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 216;

4** Hdbk. p. 1 sy.



i;. Gjording. Ribe Amt, Jutland, Denmark. A silver Amulet-ring, slight,

thin and pennanular. Date about the 12th century A. D. The later runes. Mentiond

in mv Collections.



14. KjObenhaMi. Denmark. A golden Finger-ring. The later Runes, redd

from right to left. TTie owner's name: pORGEIR. Cannot be further dated. See

Liljegren. Urkunder. No. iSgo, p. 217; Antiqvarisk Tidskrift, KjObenh. 1845, p. 214.



1^. Usta, Sddermanland , Sweden. The later runes. The name of the

maker: PETIR SIKILAIS. — Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Run-

urkunder. No. 1440. p. 227.



10 Lund. SkSne. Sw^en. Charm -rings, THEBAL GUTH GUTHANl &c.

Kv^peciaUy worn as a presen-ative against Epilepsy. There are very many variations

of these words in Latin letters. This one is in the later runes, and is the only one

of this kind yet discoverd. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 492. It cannot be

further dated. It will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



17. Lundskov Klint, LundgSrd, Denmark. A Ripg of Gold, found in 1821.

It has a Pehlvi inscription from between A. D. 226 and 642. But the Danish owner

has added, in the later runes, ? lines, which say: Alway steer 1 the decrees of Fate.

$t< Fin Majjnusen, Runamo og Runerne, p. 587.



18. Oja. SCUiermanland , Sweden. The later runes. The Churchdoor Iron

Rinj: — See Liljegren, Runurkunder. No. 991, p. 105. Cannot be further dated.



1^), Rovndal Norway. Carvd on the upper Hinge of a door belonging to a

vorv old outhouse on the homestead Royndal, Odefjelds annex, Laurdals Praestegield.

\ vx>pv» wade by the Priest Svensen in 1821, is in my Collections. The later runes







XVI. THE HOME. RINGS. J I



say: ANE fiOSTAISUN made me, but HAILAIKR GAUTASUN owns me. FoUowd by

another line, Hailum hotom &c. See Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, Vol. i,

p. 407 & fol. Cannot be further dated.



20. Saint Andrews, Fife, Scotland. A golden Finger-ring, probably a Signet,

as the letters are sunk. Found in 1849. A wax inpression gives the old runes as

ISAH; if taken as they appear to the eye, HASI. Date about the 6th century A. D.

— See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 46}; Vol. 3, p. 371; 4**^Hdbk. p. 115.



21. Selsey, Sussex, England. Golden Finger-ring. The old Runes, partly



worn away. — Brother N of EL Date ab. A. D. 700 — 800. — See 0. N.



Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 463; 4*° Handbook p. 247



22. Visby, Gotland, Sweden. A golden Finger- ring. The old runes. The

name of the owner: INOFAST. Is now in the Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda

Station, Smaland, Sweden. — Date ab. A. D. 1250 — 1300. — See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 3, p. 404, Quarto Handbook p. 238.







CHAPTER XVII.



THE HOME. ODDS AND ENDS.







A,







1. /\lborg, N. Jutland, Denmark. On a piece of Ochre-stone, about j

inches long by I'A broad and deep. Found at the beginning of the 19th century,

and is kept in the local Museum. At the top, on the left, are two lines

of small later runes, about 12th yearhundred: KllfcKM \X Kl^lhlfl^, which is a

memorandum copied from the beginning of the Bryndefslev stone. Mentiond in my

collections.



2. Bredem, Norway. A Drinking-horn with silver rim, found in a How, and

now in the Bergen Museum. It is dated 144}. Bears, in the later runes, the words:

tREKAR PRELKUR, and other to us meaningless words. — See Nicolaysen, Norske

Fornlevninger, p. 496.



J. Dunegard, Dalhem, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. A Silver Spoon

with round bowl. On the back the owner's name: SIHLAIFIR A MIK. Date ab.

A. D. 101. — See Docent Siiderberg, »0m nagra nyfunna Gotlandska Runinskrifter

Handbook p. 91. A Bronze Pail. Date ab. 4th century. The name of the owner.



7. Sealand, Denmark. A Bone Die. 0. North. Staves. 4*** Handbook p. 97.

O. N. Mon. Vol. ^ p. 140. Date about 8th Cent.



8. English Silver Coin. 0. N. Runes. Vol. 1, p. jo6. Struck for Beornwulf.

King of Mercia. Date ab. 821— 82 ^



q. Golden Bracteates, chiefly from the 4th to the 8th century, bearing

Old-N. runes. Over 200 are still left, besides the hundreds which have been melted

down. — See Vol. 1, p. 250; Vol. ^ p. 9b; 4*** Hdbk. p. 59.







XVII. THE HOME. ODDS AND ENDS. } 3



«



10. Glostrup, Sealand, Denmark. An Amulet, the spike of an Echinite.

Bears only two runes -fh (=T!U, the heathen Mars of the Old North. Found in

1841. Date ab. 6th yearhundred. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 858; 4*°

Hdbk. p. 92.



11. Goring Herred, Ribe, N.Jutland, Denmark. The Seal of the Commune,

in large Latin staves (SIGILLUM &c.), but with one old rune >X (= 0). The date

is the nth or ijth century A. D. It is now in the Danish Museum.



12. Hyby, Skane, Sweden. At the bottom of p. 205 and the top of p. 206

in >Antiqvarisk Tidskrift«, KjObenhavn 1845, we are told that the Swedish priest

Rietz laid before the meeting a drawing of a small stone, found in 1844, bearing

later runes, which seemd to him an Amulet or Truth-sign, about the loth century.

It is now LOST, a matter of small consequence, as it was FORGED by the then

Schoolmaster at Hyby.



13. Jyderup, Sealand, Denmark. Of glimmer sandstone, dug up in 1866.

A very small triangular Amulet with the Old and later runes. It may be dated,

side I, A. D. 800—900; side 2, A. D. 1200— ijoo. 0-TYW, ELE (= help!). See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 859; Vol. j, p. 146; 4*° Hdbk. p. loi. It is now in the

Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station, Smiiland, Sweden.



14. Maglekilde, Sealand, Denmark. Bronze Amulet, to be hung at the Belt.

Dug up in 1866. Mixt runes, later SIUARfi &c. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2,

p. 864; 4^° Hdbk. p. 10}. Date about A. D. 1000 — iioo.



15. Malle, Stavanger, Norway. A thin Cross-shaped slip of lead. Beauti-

fully copied for me by Prof. 01. Rygh in 1887. Found in 1887. An Amulet. Date

ab. the 14th yearhundred. The later runes, which say: ESSE (= ECCEJ KRUCEM

DOMINI . FUGITE PARTES ATUERSE &c. &c., and the names of the 4 evangelists, —

Will appear in my O. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4. — See a second plaque of lead

(date A. D. 1000 - 1050) under Odense.



16. Maere Church, Sparbuen, Norway. The later runes. A Bone Arrow,

probably a Hair-pin, found in 1879 in the Chancel of the Church, some feet

down. The meaning is: God help him whom a woman ruind! — We shall

never know the private meaning of this domestic tragedy, doubtless connected with

the celibacy of the Roman clergy. It is engraved full size at p. i}6 of my 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 3.



17. Ny Herred (= Hundred), Flensborg, Denmark. The Seal of the

Commune. In large Latin letters, but with one old rune, SECRETVM &c.

GVtRINGHETH (=- gO). Date ab. A. D. 1200— 1250. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 156.



18. Stockholm Museum, Sweden. A Silver Spoon, gilt. Bears 2 long in-

scriptions in the later runes. The first is: Matin firi hunger stiri firi lusta. — See

Liljegren, Runl^ra, p. 159.



19. Vi Moss, Alles5, Fyen, Denmark. The old runes. A wooden Plane,

found together with a less and aninscribed similar tool in 1865. This rune-bearer

is engraved fall size in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 307; 4^° Hdbk. p. 82. Date







)4 XVII. THE HOME. ODDS AND ENDS.



I'lbout A. I), ^ix) jjo. It says: T/ELING O (Tabling owns me), and the names of

other successive possessors. As these owners were working carpenters, this is another

proof that runic writing was famih'ar to the lowest classes.



20. Florence, Italy. In Docent Sven Soderberg^s »Reseberattelse€ he says

he saw in the Florence Museum a richly ornamented Horn of Walrus bone,

with an inscription in the later runes: ANDRELL GERTI MIK (= Andrell

made me). It belongs to the close of the nth century A. D., and formerly

belongd to a monastery in Paris. It will be publisht in my O. N. Run. Mon.

folio, Vol. 4.







CHAPTER XVIII.



GRAVE- STONES.







In Liljegren*s time the number of onch stones known was over 2000, almost

every one in Scando-Anglia. Since then at least 1500 more have been found. Some

of these may have been Old- Northern or Overgang. Many were destroyd by the

finders without being copied. At least 50 have turnd up in Denmark alone, but were

not drawn or copied. Not one has ever been heard of in any German or Saxon

folkland. Nearly all are omitted here, only the most characteristic being men-

tiond. Those that are now discoverd are in Scando-Anglia or Great Britain, chiefly

as building-material in old churches &c. We have to thank Anderson, Bendixen,

Browne, S. Bugge, Calverley, Dybeck, Fowler, Hildebrand, Lorange, Montelius,

Read, Olaf and Carl Rygh, Carl and Pehr Save, Stephens, Torin, Wimmer and

many more, for their labors in finding or publishing and explaining such Runic

minne-stones. This was often difficult enough, for it frequently happend that the

copies of the same rune-bearer by 2 or j different rune-men of ackowledged talent —

did not agree. See the Introduction to RUNIC LITERATURE.



1. Akirkeby, Bornholm, Denmark. A grave-stone with the old runes. They

are now nearly broken away, and the fragment can neither be translated nor dated.

— See F. Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, 4^°, Kj5benhavn 1841, p. 456, and also a

Ms. Beskrivelse over Bornholm, dated 1624. The copy in 01. Worm's Mon. Libri 6,

Hafniae 1643, p. 224, is a bad one.



2. Alrum, Denmark. The later runes. The grave-slab of HILDULF SUIN,

together with the Virgin's salutation in Latin staves. Cannot be further dated. Same

work, p. 176.



}. As Harad, Ving Churchyard, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped slab. The

later runes and Latin staves. BOTILTER raizd. The maker was HARALTR STIN-

M/ESTARL Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1639, p. 190.



4. Bakewell, Derbyshire, England. The old runes, but only parts of 2

words left in the fragment. , . . (M)INGH(0 , . . HELG . . . See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 37}; 4^<> Hdbk. p. 123.



5. Berga, SOdermanland, Sweden. The old runes. Date about the 4th year-

hundred A. D. — So the Fjellerad stone, in a long inscription in the later staves,

ends with : pAU UKA BApI I fiAUM HAUKI.







. 1;







;t> XVIII. GRAVE-STONES.



Bergamo, see Eggemo.



6. B6, Norway. The old runes. Date about the jrd century A. D.

HS\€B\LFS LOW (hero-mound). — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 846; Quarto

Handbook p. s 1 .



7. Bore, Stavanger, Norway. The later runes. All left of the grave-slab is:

. . -SEIV.VO OK. . . KERA . . . Cannot be further dated. See the Norse Beretning for

iSSo, Kristiania i8go» p. 118.



8. Bratsberg, Tronyem, Norway. The old runes. Date ab. the 6th century

A. D. — From Arendfs copy in the Danish Museum. — The name of the deceast

chief f.EUA. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 267; 4«>Hdbk. p. 66.



o. Bromsgard, Bomholm, Denmark. The later runes. The name of the

Fortfafaren, who had perisht on the coast. — Date about the nth century A. D. —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. }. p. 426. — It will be given in my O. N. Run. Mon.

folio. Vol. 4-



10. Capeluchy, Saint Andrews, Scotland. A funeral monolith. The old

nines. The name lUN (= JOHN), with traces of other staves. Cannot be further

dated. Mentiond in my Collections.



11. Cross Kirk, Northmavine, Scotland. The later runes. When examind

hr Prof. P. A. Munch, he could only make out: Blfil FIRIR SOL, the rest nearly

oMherated. Cannot be further dated. — See Proceedings of the Soc. of Antiquaries

of Scotlaind, 1878 — 79, p. 14}.



12. Crowle, Lincolnshire, England. Date about 6;o— -670 A. D. As a lintel

in the doorway leading to the Nave of the church from the tower. Below on the

block is figured the flight into Egypt. What is left of the o/^ runes says: Set ...

APjE this UC. BEACOS (= grave-shaft) after .... See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol, },

p. 18^; Quarto Handbook p. 12;.



I}. Einang, Valders, Nor^^'ay. The old runes. Date about the jrd year-

bundred A. D. Ver>' small. Was placed inside the grave of the deceast. — HAO.

Given by me, with the Engravings, in the Danish »lllustreret Tidende<, April 18,

187^. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 86; Quarto Hdbk. p. 55.



14. Elgesem, Ranik. Norway. The old runes. Date about the 4th year-

husdred A. D. Found in 1870 by N. Nicolaysen. See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. },

p. Q7 : 4**** Handbook p. 58.



1 7. Freerslev. Sealand. Denmark. Older and later runes. Date ab. A. D.

V»— ^70. — /EISLAIK raizd this stone to his grandmother, — See O. N. Run. Mon.

VoL ;. p. 142; Quarto Hdbk. p. 100.



lb. Istaby. Bleking. Sweden. Date about the 7th centur\' A. D. — The

Lidi HYERLWOLFIA wrote these runes in memory of HYRLLF and HYTHULF.

— See O. N. Run. .Mon. Vol. i, p. i7>; Vol. ^ p. 5;; Quarto Hdbk. p. 21. The



r;. Kakind, Kyrketorp churchyard. A coped monolith. The later runes

ire orte Litin stave. — BAROpER let gore this stone to fiORH.ALS &c, — See

Li',^Ttn, So ihy\. p. 180. Cannot be further dated.







XVIII. GRAVE-STONES. 37



i8. Kunnungsburgh, Shetland, Scotland. Only the last part of this Grave-

stone is left. The later runes. . . . hewd me. Cannot be further dated. See Pro-

ceedings of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1878—79, p. 144.



19. Kunnungsburgh, Shetland, Scotland. The later runes. Only the last

part of the block is left. Found in 1877. — ...raizd this after his father THUR-

BIAIR(NJ. — See same book, 1878—79, p. 145.



20. Lilla Harric, SkSne, Denmark. The later runes. After NORI shall

this stone stand. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1445, p. 16}.



21. Mojebro, Upland, Sweden. The old runes. Date about the 4th century

A. D. /ENyEH/E, H/EISL/E, GINIA, to-the-lord FRyEWyER/ED. The deceast is

figured on his horse, brandishing his sword. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 178;

Vol. 2, p. 900; Vol. }, p. }o; 4«° Hdbk. p. ii.



22. Myklebostad, Romsdal, Norway. The old runes. Found in 1888. Date

ab. A. D. 400. /ESUG/PS stone. — See Foreningen til Fortidsm. bevaring, for

1888, Kristiania 1889, p. 155. — It will be given in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



23. Myklebostad, Romsdal, Norway. The old runes. Found in 1882. Date

ab. the 7th cent. A. D. — FREI to his comrade THYOFILE.He rests here. — Will

be given in my O. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



24. Myr, Stj5rdalen, Norway. The later runes. Last half of the block



broken away. What is left says: UBLIOTR raist runar pesar See Prof. Rygh,



Foren. til Norske Fortidsm. bevaring, Arsber. for 1870. Kristiania 1871, p. 27.

Cannot be further dated.



25. Nordenhov, Buskerud, Norway. The later runes. Her huilir GUpORMR

SLEKIR &c. Found in 1885. Cannot be further dated. See same book, Kristiania

1887, p. 135.



26. Norway, TronyBm. The later runes. A fragment of a monolith found

as building. material in the Cathedral, 1894. AH left says: SKIRIPORSDAG. —

Cannot be further dated. — Letter from Prof. 01. Rygh, Christiania, April 27, 1894.



27. Opedal, Ullensvang, Norway. The old runes. Date ab. A. D. 400.

Bears: To her belovd sister MEA, who dwelt on the highroad at GU-BURU, this

tumulus was raizd by MIA. — Here, for the first time in Scandinavia, we have the

older and usual Scandogothic form SW^EST^ER, with the W, for the later SYSTER.

— It will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio. Vol. 4.



28. Reidstad, Norway. The old runes. Date about the 5th yearhundred

A. D. Found in 1781. IGING on H/EU owns this Grave. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 256; Vol. 3, p. 99.



29. Sandwich, Kent, England. The old runes. Date ab. A. D. 428—597.

Heathen. A squared pillar-stone, bearing the name of the dead chief: RiEH^EBUL,

Found about 1830. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 367; 4*° Handbook p. 112.



30. Sandwich, Kent, England. The old runes. Found ab. the same time,

but the words almost toold away, as heathen, in later Christian times, so that only

a couple of staves is left. See same book, Vol. i, p. 363; 4*° Hdbk. p. 113.







;S XVIII. GRAVE-STONES.



;i. Snoldelev, Sealand, Denmark. The later runes. Date ab. the 9th century

A. D. Now in the Danish Museum. Has j interlaced Horns, the mark of THUR,

aDd to the right the Triskele, the mark of WODEN. On the top is a cup-hole, from

Ae stone age. — KUNUiELTS stone, Thyle (Speaker, Priest) on the SALHOWS

4= the present hamlet of Sallow, in the Parish of Snoldelev). — See O. N. Run.

Slon. Vol. I, p. J45; Vol. 2, p. 857; Vol. j, p. 146; 4*° Handbook p. 102.



52. SOgne, Norway. The later runes. AUINTR raizd this stone after

GL'SSAR his son. Cannot be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norske Fom-

leniiiiger, p. 780.



;?. Stav-anger, Norway. — The later runes. Date ab. the 12th century A. D.

tL-EUF raizd this stone after lURUN his wife, daughter of UpA, — See Foren. til

Norske Mindesmaerkers bevaring, Kristiania 1883, p. 208.



J4. Smulu, W. Gotland, Sweden. But carried to Dagsnas. The later runes.

On a tomb-stone, a long inscription, beginning with KUU raizd stone this &c, —

See LJIjegren*s Runurkunder, No. 1401, p. 158.



55. Tdnsberg, Norway. The later runes. Date ab. i}65— i}8o. Here lies

ORMER SIML'ERSU under this stone. God bless his soul . HERMUNDER bought me in

Godand: followd by some Latin words. — See Post- och Inrikes-Tidningar, Stockholm,

SepL 15th, 1879.



56. Tdnsberg. Norway. The later runes. Only one word: KERIES. A

copy is in my Collections. Cannot be further dated.



J 7. Tomstad, Norway. The later runes. Krus kaddlus ar an uraesas

markus maria mathids &c. iohannis &c. Engraving in my Vol. i. Cannot be

further dated.



J 8. Tomstad, Norway. The later runes. Mariam hila iesus krists litw hakon.

Engraving in my Vol. i. Cannot be further dated.



J9. Toten. Norway. The later runes. A coped stone. pORpAR A

HOL\EIMI rests here. A drawing by Heyerdal, the Parish priest, in my Collections.

Cannot be further dated.



40. Torvik, Hardanger, Norway. The older runes. Date about the jrd

yearhundred A. D. The name of the deceast pIEpWENC, in reverst runes, redd

from right to left downwards. -— See Foren. til Norske Fortidsm. bevaring, Kristiania

ihhh. p. 21.



41. Torvik, Hardanger, Norway. The older runes. Date ab. the jrd century

A D. LjEM/E (or L/ED/Ej U/ERISG/EA. See same book, Kristiania 1889, p. 21.



42. Truro, Cornwall, England. Date about the 6th century A. D. the stamp

^f tht maker, STA\, well-known in the 0. Engl. Fu|)ork. — See O. N. Run. Mon.

Vol r p. 57} ; Vol. 2, p. 865; 4^*^ Handbook p. 116.



4}. Tudal Church, Telemark, Norway. The later runes. A drawing from

Pfo-f O! Rygh in 188}. — Date ab. A. D. 1200. That man hight K/ETIL who cut

th^.i^, :ta.ez, and Sl'/ESSUS &c. held me while KjETIL smith markt me. — See Beret

t;I Norske .Mindesmaerkers bevaring, Kristiania 1884, p. 07.



44 Tune. Norway. The old runes. Date ab. the jrd centurj' A. D. —

hCWIWA:iA after WODLRIDE her wise (=^ illustrious) husband, wrought these runes.







XVIII. GRAVE-STONES. - 39



The heirs INGOST and LIA, and the heiress NOpUINGA his daughter, deald to set

(— shared in setting) to WODURID this stone, — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 247;

Vol. 2, p. 904; 4*<> Hdbk. p. 56.

Urgude, see Sproge.



45. Urnes, Norway. The later runes. Now in Bergen Museum. Copied by

myself in 1881. Cannot be further dated.



46. Urskog, Norway. The later runes. Prof. S. Bugge in 1870. — SU/EIN

A MIK A I/EpRIy but ASj€ rests hereunder. Cannot be further dated.



47. Urskog, Norway. The later runes. In the Priest's garden. A part of a

slab, with staves nearly obliterated. Cannot be further dated. — See Nicolaysen,

Norske Fornlevninger, p. 48.



48. Vaeblungsnaes , Norway. The old runes. Date about the jrd century

A. D. TO MIRL/EA WIWILIN carvd this, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 274;

Vol. J, p. 90; 4*** Handbook p. 57.



49. Valdby, Norway. The later runes. About the 9th yearhundred A. D.

AUARP/? fal)i (at \x)LR, — See Prof. S. Bugge, To nyfundne Norske Rune-Indskrifter,

p. 21; and 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 97, J69.



50. Vallentuna Church -wall. The later runes. IKIFASTR lit bro kiarua

ift/?. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1554, p. 174.



51. Valsfjord, Norway. The old runes. Date about 1 — 100 A. D. To the

Hagustald (= Captain) fEW/E, GOD/EGyES wrote these runes, Reverst staves, redd

from right to left. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 73; 4^"* Hdbk. p. 49; and >Ny

lllustreret Tidende«, Jan. ji, 1875; and in the same, Feb. 7, 1875, p. 47.



52. Valtorp's Church -yard, W. Gotland, Sweden. A slab with later runes

and Latin letters. The name of the stone-raizer. U /ESLOR , , , ur , , , kiarpi sten.

See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1635, p. 190. Cannot be further dated. A

coped stone.



5}. Valstena Church. The later runes, with Latin letters. Dated 1326.

SIHFRIpR i ALFINI lit gera stain hisan &c. — See Liljegren, No. 17}!, p. 202.



54. Valstena Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes, with Latin staves.

Dated ijjo A. D. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1732, p. 202.



55. Valstena Church, Gotland, Sweden. .../// gara stin iifir ULA, faPr,

bo . ,,f, , , Same book. No. 1734, p. 202.



56. Norlanda Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. lAKAUPR ok

BOLEJN litu gara pina sten &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 1736, p. 202.



57. Lina ting, G5them, Gotland. The later runes. A long risting, hard to

decipher. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 1734, p. 202.



58. Kracklinge ting, Anga churchyard. The later runes. FOLKAR i

AUSTERBO han lait gera mig &c. Cannot be further dated. Same work.

No. 1736, p. 202.



59. Gammelgarn Church, Gotland. The later runes. GISUS KRIST napi

HALUIA sial &c. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 1737, p. 203.



60. Halla ting, Wange altar-table. The later runes. ,,,n ro uar ,,,sial,

Pegiafegia &c. A coped stone. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 1739, p. 203.







40 XVIII. GRAVE-STONES.



61. Butle Church, at the Altar. Hier huilis hera JOAN RAfiARS SUN &c.

The later runes. Cannot be further dated. Same work, No. 1739, p. 20}.



62. Visby, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Dated iioo ok ... bipim &c.

Same work. No. 1740, p. 20}.



6}. Stenkumla ting, Atlingbo, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. ILTIAUp

AUfiUALTS enkia ETLInKS, hon &c. A coped stone. Cannot be further dated.

Same book. No. 1741, p. 20J.



64. Banda ting, Tofte Churchyard, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes.

FRIpGAlR ok ALUALTR &c. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 1742, p. 203.



65. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Kufi . . . mu . . . ar k Slc. And also

Latin words. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1743, p. 203.



66. Masterby Churchyard, Gotland. Some later runes. Cannot be further

dated. Same book No. 1744, p. 20} .



67. Masterby Churchyard, Gotland. The later runes, can partly be decipherd.

Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 1745, p. 203.



68. Sanda Churchyard, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. BOT AIDER i

BOLIGABY lit dinna' stain gera &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book.

No. 1746, p. 204.



69. Heide ting, W^te Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. . . . IfiR

BOTULFS mupir afVESTI &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1747, p. 204.



70. Heide ting, Wate Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Hustru

KARRUD &c. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 1748, p. 204.



71. Heide Churchyard, Wate, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Hier ligr

GAIRUALTR i BIRHI &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 1749, p. 204.



72. Heide Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Bedin furre PETARS

sial &c. Dated 1506 A. D. Carl Save, Gutniska Urkunder, No. 106, p. 45; and.

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1750, p. 204.



73. Klinte Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Mip napum Gius

ROpUALDR af HULDANGUM &c. Cannot be further dated. Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 17J1, p. 204.



74. Klinte Churchyard, Gotland. The later runes. GISUS KRISTUS napi

BOTUIpA sial &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1752, p. 204.



75. Klinte Church, Gotland. The later runes. lUAN smidrinn GANUIpA

ARUA &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1753, p. 204.



76. Klinte Church, Gotland. The later runes. Can only partly be redd.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1754, p. 204.



77. Klinte Church, Gotland. The later runes. Can only partly be redd.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1755, p. 204.



78. FrOjel Church, Gotland. The later runes. Almost obliterated in 1844.

OIJF. . . litu kiara stain &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1756. p. 204.



70. FrOjel Church, Gotland. The later runes. . . . bipir fiiri Peira sialum . . .

Ciinnot be further dated. Same book. No. 1757, p. 204.



80. tiarde ting. Garde Church, Gotland. The later runes. OLAFER

HOliUKNN AIWA. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 1759, p. 204.







XVIII. GRAVE-STONES. 4I



81. Garde ting, Gotland. The later runes. Not copied. Same book,

p. 205, No. 1760.



82. Garde ting, Gotland. The later runes. Not copied. Same book.

No. 1761, p. 205.



8j. Garde ting, Gotland. The later runes. Not copied. Same book,

No. 1762, p. 205.



84. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. lAKAUPR I LITLA RONUM han lit

giara &c. Dated 1449. Carl Save, Gutniska Urkunder, No. 122, p. 46.



85. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. Dated 1449. pinna stain RUfiUI

husfru lit giera iifir sin bonda lAKOP i MANNAGARDUM sum skutin uarp ihel mip

en bursa sten &c.



86. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. KAIRUATR I LUUM han lit gera hualf

pita &c. Cannot be further dated. Carl Save, Gutniska Urkunder, No. 124, p. 46.



87. Lye, Gotland. BOTOLFR MEGENSARFA lit giara stain hissan &c.

The later runes. Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 125, p. 46.



88. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. lUAN AFINA . . . /// gera hinna stain &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 126, p. 46.



89. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Cannot be further dated.

Same book, No. 1 27, p. 47.



90. Lye, Gotland. The later runes. . . . Sial bans . . . Cannot be further

dated. Same book, p. 47, No. 129.



91. Fardhem, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Same book, No. ijo,

p. ijo. Cannot be further dated.



92. Laistad, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Cannot be further dated.



93. Laistad, Gotland. On the door hinges, with red chalk. Dated 1582.

Same book, No. 132, p. 47. haar sum &c. Same book. No. 132, p. 47.



94. Laistad, Gotland. On the wall inside the door, with red chalk. Huar

sum hita lisa ta &c. Dated 1620. Same book, No. 133, p. 47.



95. Laivide, Gotland. The later runes. Mopur OFAIHR &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book. No. 134, p. 47.



96. Laivide, Gotland. The later runes, uir FRILUI &c. Cannot be further

dated. Same book. No. 135, p. 47.



97. Laivide, Gotland. The later runes. OTA sun sum &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book. No. 136, p. 47.



98. Laivide, Gotland. On a stone in the wall. SIAUKAIM giarpi mik

KIALARA &c. The later runes. Cannot be further dated. Same work, No. 137, p. 47.



99. Gerum, Kullans, Gotland. The later runes. BOTMUNTR KULLANS

han lit gerra hila mur uerk ok sialfir gerdi trrri uirk &c. Cannot be further dated.

Same book, No. i, p. 47.



100. Aista, Gotland. The later runes. KIAR ripsi stain &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book, No. 139, p. 47.



loi. Aista, Gotland. BOTUARpR i SNOpU lit giara hualf kc A coped

stone. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 140, p. 47.



6







42 XVIII. CRAVE-STONTS.



I02. Aista, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Cannot be further dated.

Same work. No. 141, p. 47-



ID}. Sproge, Gotland. The later runes. BOLUIpR i SSOpU lit gjara hualf

he. Cannot be further dated. Same book, Nr. 142, p. 47.



104. Sproge, Gotland. The later runes. AIRIKR lit gjara start &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same book. No. 143, p. 47.



105. Sproge, Gotland. The later runes. RUpUlpR a BL'RH lit giara stain &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 144, p. 47.



106. Sproge, Gotland. The later runes. . . . L'IpR . . . /// giara stain &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book^ No. 14^, p. 48.



107. Sproge, Gotland. SIHRAIFR ^arpi lOHAS lit giara &c. The later

runes. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 146, p. 48.



108. Sproge, Gotland. Formerly at Urgude. The later runes: PETAR C'FIR

GUpARFA han lit gerra tissan mur ok stunona &c. Dated 1514. Same book.

No. 147, p. 48.



109. Habblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. — ALKAIR ar FRUSTI &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 148, p. 48.



I lo. Habblingbo, Gotland. A long inscription, paun litu kira pina stain &c.

The later runes. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 149, p. 48.



111. Habblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. Sir uk &c. Cannot be further

dated. Same work. No. 150, p. 48.



112. Silte, Gotland, the later runes: FORGAIR lit mik gieara &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book. No. 151, p. 48.



II J. Silte, Gotland. The later runes: Biphin furi BOTUIpA seal RANGUALS

ARFA. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 152, p. 48.



114. Hemse, Gotland. The later runes. BOTOLF ok AUKARS ARFA &c.

Dated 1459. Same book, No. 153, p. 48.



115. Hafdhem, Gotland. The later runes. NABU pau sum bipin &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same book. No. 154, p. 49.



116. Hafdhem, Gotland. The later runes. KATRIN Uestir gortum lit kira &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. 155, p. 49.



1 17. P'ide, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. . . . Ip ok . . . Cannot be

further dated. Same book, No. 166, p. 49.



118. Fide, Gotland. The later runes. HEHLAIKR kiarp i sta(n) pis...

Cannot be further dated. The same book, No. 167, p. 49.



119. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. lAKAUPS siinir a BURH litu giara

stain &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 168, p. 49.



120. Aja, (iotland. The later runes. Hiar huilis untir &c. Cannot be further

dated. Same book, No. 169, p. 49.



121. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. KANl IT &c. Cannot be further

d«itcd. Same book, No. 170. p. 49.



122. Aja, (Jotland. The later runes. . . . ris HALUOLS &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book. No. 171, p. 49.







XVIII. GRAVE-STONES. 4}



12}. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Cannot be further dated.

Same book. No. lyj, p. 49.



124. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Cannot be further dated.

No. 1 7 J. p. 49.



125. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Same book, No. 174, p. 50.



126. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Same book, No. 175, p. 50.



127. Aja, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. Same book, No. 176, p. 50.



128. Hafdhem, Gotland. The later runes, kup napi henr sial &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same work. No. 156, p. 49.



129. Hafdhem, Gotland. The later runes. Only 2 words now visible.

Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 157, p. 49.



1 JO. Nas, Gotland. RUpUL af RONUM &c. The later runes. Cannot be

further dated. Same book, No. 1 58, p. 49.



iji. Nsis, Gotland. Not to be redd. The later runes. Same work.

No. 159, p. 49.



IJ2. Niks, Gotland. The later runes. Not to be redd. Same work,

No. 160, p. 49.



1}}. Aike, Gotland. Painted with a black color on the north side of

the Quire. Now hidden by paint. The later runes. Dated 1461. Same book.

No. 162, p. 49.



134. Aike, Gotland. Now hidden by paint. The later runes. Cannot be

further dated. Same book. No. 163, p. 49.



135. Gr5tlingbo, Gotland. The later runes. KATRIN lOANS husfura i

SUNTRU lit giara pina stain &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 164, p. 49.



136. GrOtlingbo, Gotland. The later runes. BOTAIpI hosfreu sina iak as

burn &c. Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 165, p. 49.



137. Hambra, Gotland. The later runes. NIKULAS lit kiara stain &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 178, p. 50.



138. Hambra, Gotland. The later runes. BITR lit keara stain &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same work, No. 179, p. 50.



139. Hambra, Gotland. The later runes. lAKOUBAR kiara stain, bipin &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 180, p. 50.



140. Hambro, Gotland. The later runes. . . . AKR lit &c. Cannot be further

dated. Same book. No. 181, p. 50.



141. Hambro, Gotland. The later runes. Not redd. , , . fapur sin. Cannot

be further dated. Same book, No. 182, p. 50.



142. Hambro, Gotland. The later runes. . . . ARFA . . . Cannot be further

dated. Same book, No. 183, p. 50.



143. Hambro, Gotland. The later runes. PVagments. Not to be further

dated. Same book, No. 184, p. 50.



144. Hambro, Gotland. The later runes. Fragments. The same book.

No. 185, p. 50. Cannot be further dated.



145. Vamblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. lUAN i NORA &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same book, No. 186, p. 50.







44 '^T'- GRAVE-STONES.



146. Vamblingbo. Gotland. The later nines. . . ik ok BOTAl'KR &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book. No. 187. p. 50.



147. Vamblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. Only odd leners left. Cannot

be further dated. Same book. No. 188. p. ;o.



148 — 152. Vamblingbo, Gotland, The later runes. Destroyd in the great

fire of 1817. Same book, Nos. 189—193, p. 50.



1 5 J. Vamblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. Cut on a Gate-post. STL LP A

&c. Cannot be further dated. Same work, No. 194. p. 50.



154. Vamblingbo, Gotland. The later runes. Cut on a Gate-post OLAFR

LUpR GIARpI US. Cannot be further dated. Same work. No. \q^. p. 50.



155. Sundra, Gotland. The later runes. ROLAIKR lit giara ok skira &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same work, No. 196, p. 50.



156. Sundra, Gotland. The later runes. MARpA Up gera &c. Cannot be

further dated. Same book, No. 197, p. 50.



157. Sundra, Gotland. The later runes. . . . garpam lit gera mik &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same book. No. 198, p. 51.



158. Sundra, Gotland. The later runes. Nearly gone. Same book,

Nos. 1 99, 200, p. 5 1 .



159. Gotland, unknown where. The later runes. Kup . . , BOUHIpR &c.

Cannot be further dated. Same book, No. 201, p. 51.



160. Visby, Gotlaira. The later runes. . . . elfa hunarap or ok . . , &c. Cannot

be further dated. Same book, No. 202, p. 51.



161. Gotland. On a Runic Calendar, a Ms. At the end it is dated in the

later runes 1572. — Same book, No. 203, p. 51.



162. Vang, Norway. The later runes. KOS/E SLNIR raizd this stone after

KIJNAR, and a doubtful word. Cannot be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norske

Fornlevninger, p. 117.



163. Vanga, W. Gotland, Sweden. The old runes, reverst. Date about the

3rd century A. D. H/EUC raizd to OpU. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 241;

Vol.2, p. 835; Vol. 3, p. 27; 4^°Hdbk. p. 8.



164. Varnum, Vermland, Sweden. The old runes. Date ab. the 7th year-

hundred A. D. Raizd /EHECER to her husband. UAN/EBERG carvd. See O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 216; Vol. 3, p. 36; 4*°Hdbk. p. 29.



165. Vartofta, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped stone. The later runes and

also Latin letters. BEORN raizes a stone to his wife. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1638, p. 190. Cannot be further dated.



166. Vatn, Norway. The old runes. Found in 1871. Date ab. A. D.

750- 800. Only the name of the deceast: RHO^L(T)R. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 3, p. 115; 4*°Hdbk. p. 71.



167. Vedelspang, Denmark. The later runes. Found in 1887. Date ab

A. D. 950—1000. - - Will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



168. Veile, N. Jutland, Denmark. The old runes, reverst. Date ab. the

7th century A. D. Is LOST. The incorrect inscription is given in P. Syv's Ms.

Collections in P. F. Suhms Samlinger til den Danske Historic, 4'", Vol. 1, part. 2,







XVIII. GRAVE-STONES. 45



KjGbenhavn 1779, p. 117. ^Nl carvd this to ISINGpyEW, — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. JJ2; 4^<>Hdbk. p. 93.



169. Vernes Church, SWrdalen, Norway. The later runes. Only the lower

part left on a flat rock. . . . aihu hcefur pesr. Cannot be further dated. See Foren.

til Norske Mindesmaerkers bevaring, Arsberetning for 1883, Kristiania, p. 123.



170. Voldtofte, Fyen, Denmark. This granite monolith is now at Jaegerspris.

The old runes. Bears only one word, the name of the forthfaren Warrior: RUUL-

FASTS. — 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 333; 4^*^ Handbook p. 93. The date is about

the 7th century A. D.



171. Skeveland, Norway. The later runes. A scribble not redd. Cannot

be further dated. — See Worm, Monum. Danicorum Libri 6, p. 512; Liljegren's Run-

urkunder, No. 1460, p. 166.



172. Versas Church, W. Gotland, Sweden. The later staves. On the iron

bar of the Church door. ASKUTAR gared this door. Cannot be further dated. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1940, p. 226.



173. West Gotland, Vadsbo, Sweden. The later runes. Over 40 names are

scribbled on the Church door. See same book. No. 2976, p. 265.



174. West Stenvik, Tronyem, Norway. In 1858 a funeral slab bearing the

old runes was cast away by the finder. See 0. N. Run. Mon. 4^° Hdbk. p. 74.



175. Vesteras, Vestmanland, Sweden. The later runes. On the bricks on

the side of the Cathedral door. — Only a couple of letters and GARA and GUS

now left. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren's Runurkunder, No. 1902, p. 220.







CHAPTER XIX.







RUNIC LITERATURE & GRAFHTI.







Ai







J I the oldest grave-stones in the German and Saxon foiklands are in LMtin

letters, not in Runes. But in the Scando- Anglian lands they are in Runes. As we

all know, and as all Clerman and Saxon experts now freely admit, they had not the

art of writing, having borrowd their letters from their Roman Masters, and long uzing

them only in remembrance of Bishops and Abbots, and other holy officials in the

great Western Church to which they belongd. These Southerners would have

employd their native Runic staves — if they had possest any; but as they had not,

they could not uze them. The gifted Prof. Wimmer and his school assert, that the

Southerners had fabricated their Runic Alphabet in the South (some Roman or Gallic

priwince). And this, altho some of the Old -Northern inscriptions are at least as old

as the I St or :nd Centurv after Christ, This is also clear from THE FACT that —

as we all know - thtre are no stimes in any German or Saxon land; consequently,

thev i'ould not carve Runes on stones which had no existence. It is therefore that all

the Rune-written grave -stones are in the South — where no single one has ever been

hmnd, not c*ir/i the u\vrd Rune, which is quite a different word from the Scando-

iloihic Noun and Wrb A ROW'N, TO ROW'N, to whisper secretly, which still exist in

all the ScandivGothic foiklands, tho some ignorant persons confound them.



rhe C»crmans and Siixons are so richly endowd with treasures of their own,

that thev should let the Scando -Angles remain in peace, and not try to grasp

exervihing frx^n them by a system of unprincipled universal annexation.



Hut it IS absolutelv impossible that such an important adx-ance in civilization

as rt< I*: ^'* HVr:-:^^: should suddenly disappear between the ;rd and the 5th Century

the date given bv the vlermans and S^ixons to the 1: Brooches which bear nines

\>;>^'',:, v^t them found in lands •^'- ^avv frv»m them and therefore >wanderers) —

NO that m the vMh Ohrsstsan age thev should be -.a tr'j seen or heard of in the

S^nith It a Runiv K:buta o^^uld -wanvier* ^'^ Rus:s:a or Hunsan- or Pomerania, it

vvuto* also *wanoer^ frv^ra Scandv^ Ar,^l:a :o the South, as Prof \V:mmer has himself

au:n:tu\i Se\^ hu^ p :^ :n AarNv8:er tor Norilsk v'^Iotuie--t^ c: Rures or not» judge of

N\'e*'! ^c e\ w... ji::n::t at ,^:x*e, that IF rhe Southerners







RUNIC LITERATURE » GRAFFITI. 47



had fabricated or inherited Runes in a prehistoric yearhundred, they would have

continued to uze them, when required, down to the middle -age and later. If it had

not been so, it would have been an impossible miracle. In the Hand of Gotland,

Sweden, the churchyards have still numbers of gravestones down to and later than the

Reformation. Otherwise, in the nth and 12th centuries, they are usually extinct in

Scando-Anglia, and even then are not Old-Northern-runes, which the Southerners never

had, but the Later (or Scandinavian), which they confess they never had. We should

have supposed that the Southern rune -smiths would gladly have accepted Canon

Isaac Taylor's verdict in his »Greeks and Goths«, London 1879, he being the greatest

authority in Europe, that the Runes were developt, some hundred years before

Christ, from the Old-Greek Alphabet from the lies and the Ionian cities, by which

fact everything is explaind. This Old -Greek staverow was at home, in the 6th cen-

tury B. C, in the splendid Greek colonies on the shores of Thrace and the Black

Sea. Hence it is, that the Runes first appear in the North, not in the South; first in

Sweden and Norway and Denmark to the Eider, then in the Colony Britain.



And in this argument we must not forget that all the oldest runes in Anglo-

Scandinavia are BOUSTROPHiEDON, Ox -gang wise, from right to left, gradually

sinking to the later left to right. As to this. Canon Taylor says, p. 214; »A Latin

origin, which has been advocated by Kirchhoff, and more recently by Wimmer, is

open to very serious objections, geographical, chronological, and phonological. The

runes seem to have been unknown to any of the Teutonic tribes who came into

early contact with the Romans. Dr. Wimmer is obliged to assume that they were

obtained from Gaul about the beginning of the Christian era, but he is unable to

explain how they were transmitted from Gaul to the Baltic, through a host of hostile

tribes, without leaving behind any traces of their passage. The chronological diffi-

culty is not less formidable than the geographical. Runic inscriptions from Denmark

and Norway actually date, as we have seen, from the time of the early empire,

and hence it is impossible to obtain a sufficient period of time for the evolution of

the differences which distinguish the Futhorc from the Latin alphabet. But the

phonological difficulty seems by itself to be absolutely conclusive. ... It appears

therefore that a Greek source remains as the only possible hypothesis. « — He

continues, p. 371; »Again, the circumstance that alphabetic transmissions have

frequently taken place during obscure epochs of history, may supply valuable

evidence as to commercial intercourse, transmitted culture, and ethnical relations.

Thus the affiliation of the runes throws unexpected light on the intercourse between

the Greek colonies on the Euxine and the Northern lands, and shows the importance

of the great Olbian trade route by the water way of the Dnieper, which is otherwise

known only by a chance notice in Herodotus. « And lastly, the learned Canon

sums up the whole question as to the date of the old Greek Boustrophedon Alphabet

by saying. Vol. 2, p. 41; »We should thus have to go back to the 9th, or even the

loth century B. C, as the date of the earliest monuments of the Greek alphabet, a

date which satisfactorily explains the resemblance of the letters to the loth century

Phoenician characters. «







48 RUNIC l:t£?atv»e ir gpaffit:.



Thus there are near 12 yearhundreds between the Old Greek alphabet and

the oldest Runic in Scando-Anglia.



But our Gothic Ox -gang Runes cannot help the advocates of the theor}%

that the O. N. Runic Alphabet was imported from Italy in the 1st or 2nd centurj'

after Christ. At p. iji Canon Taylor concludes: >The direction of the writing is a

matter of no great significance. The earliest LATIN records read from left to right

but in the other Italic scripts and on the oldest coins of Chalcis the writing is from

right to left.' — The Greek colonies in Italy introduced their writing (Boustro-

phedon) ver}' early. But it soon died out, and the Italian script was from left to

right some centuries before Christ See Introduction to GRAVE-STONES.







CHAPTER XX.







RUNIC LITERATURE.







A,







1. -TVlborg, Jutland, Denmark. The later Runes. A wooden Cavel, about

27/g of an inch long by ab. 74 of an inch deep. — Is: A letter from a loving husband

to his wife. Figured in 01. Worm's Danicorum Monum. Libri Sex, folio, Hafniae

164^, p. 199. It was sent to him by the Bishop of the Diocese. Cannot be

further dated.



2. Bro, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. A boundary-stone. — See Lilje-

gren, Runurkunder, No. 2015, p. 240.



J. Calendars, Clog-almanacks, have existed by thousands. They were

gradually driven out by the cheap printed Almanacks. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol.

2, p. 866 and fol. See No. 99.



4. Dalby, S. Jutland, Denmark. The Older runes. Reads: LUpRO (may

also be taken as LE R0)\ also may be: LUt*R (or LEPR) 0, (owns me), — Date

ab. A. D. 250—300. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 283; Vol. 3, p. 123; \^^

Hdbk. p. 80.



5. Denmark. The older Runes. A copper Punch for stamping. Date about

the 13th century. Name of the owner: HI), Is now in the Stephens Museum,

Husaby, Vislanda Station, Smaland, Sweden. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 458;

4*<^ Hdbk. p. 244. '



6. Denmark. A small round bone Draughtsman. The older Runes. Bears,

on one side, ANOy either the owner's name or the initials of his name. Is now in

the Danish Museum. Cannot be further dated.



7. Denmark. A washing-bat, dated 1803. With one bind-rune, *, T/?, to

save space. Was made by a young man for his betrothd. Is now in the Stephens

Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station, Smaland, Sweden. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 1, p. 125.



8. Fdrde, Bergenhus, Norway. Of Soapstone (Steatite). The older runes.

Date ab. the 6th century. A Dog-collar, now in the Bergen Museum. Bears:

ML\}k (= iELUA owns me), or perhaps the Dog's name, iELUAO, that is, the

Dog says: in case I am lost and you find me, send me back, — See another Dog-

collar at Kolindsund, N. Jutland, Denmark.







50 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



9. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. An Iron Bar for a Kitchen-range.

Date ab. A. D. 1700 — 1800. This piece was sold to a Frenchman, seen in Paris by

a Swede, and carried back to Sweden. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 498.



10. Greenland, Denmark. The Icelandic Poet HALLAR-STEIN (HERDIS-

SON) livd in the nth Century, and died in 1082. See how he introduces the name

TUMAS (= Thomas) in the later runes. — See Gr5nland's Historiske Mindesmaerker,

Vol.2, Kj5benhavn, p. 561, 575.



11. Greenland, Denmark. A ship, with the priest INGEMUND on board,

came to the waste coast of Greenland. The tale about TOSTE says, that INGE-

MUND, in the summer, took back with him to the Church the bodies which had

been carried by the ice to holes and rocks. On some of the skeletons were later

runes on wooden Cavels, which described their sufferings. This took place about

A. D. 1150. See the same work. Vol. 2, p. 657.



12. Greenland, Denmark. The later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1266. Cannot

be further dated. 1 have mislaid the reference.



1}. Greenland, Denmark. A Boat- oar, driven from the east coast of Green-

land to the east coast of Iceland in 1668. — See Liljegren, Run-lara, Stockholm

1 8} 2, p. 159. It said in the later runes: Oft I was weary when I drew thee,



14. Gudhem's Harad, Uglum Churchyard, W. Gotland, Sweden. A coped

stone. The later runes. Says: Three men lie under this stone, KUNNRR, SIHFATR,

HALLSTENN. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1632, p. 189. Cannot be



further dated.



15. Gudhem's Harad, Uglum Church-yard. Over a deceast chief named

GUNNAR. The later runes and Latin letters. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. i6j6,

p. 190. Cannot be further dated.



16. GyldensS, Bomholm, Denmark. On the west side of the steeple. The

later runes. A barbarous copy is in my Collections, taken from a Ms. description of

Bomholm, dated 1624. Cannot be further dated.



17. GyldensS, Bomholm, Denmark. The later runes. On the southern

doorway. ERIK eke TOFI eke ^SUIR . . . (not continued). From a Ms. description

of Bomholm. dated 1624. A copy is in my collections. Cannot be further dated.



18. GyldensS, Bomholm, Denmark. The later runes. On a stone now

placed over a stream. A barbarous copy of the long inscription is in my Collections,

from a Ms. description of Bornholm, dated 1624. Cannot be further dated.



iQ. H^ggum Boundary-list, Sweden, the later runes. Publisht by Tham, in

1817. Is now LOST. — See Liljegren, Run-lara, 1832, p. 215. Also in later times

the miMiern staves have been cut on pieces relating to distinguisht men. See same



book, p. 215- ^ _,



20. HSrenhed, W. Gotland, Sweden. But taken to DagsnSs. The later



runes. See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1342, p. 149. A long grave- inscription in



the later staves. _...,».



21. Hartlepool Durham, England. — A Pillow-stone, placed inside the grave.



Found in 183^, in the grave of a Nun. Size only 11 'A inches. Bears the usual A







■J







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. J I



and 0, and the name: HILDIpRUp. — Date ab. A. D. 650—700. — See 0. E.

Run. Men. Vol. i, p. 392; 4*® Hdbk. p. 127.



22. Hartlepool, Durham, England. A Pillow-stone, placed inside the grave

of a Nun. Size only 7V4 inches by 672 inches. Found in i8jj. The old runes.

Same date. Bears the womansname: HlLDDl(G)Up. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. 396; Vol. 2, p. 865; Quarto Handbook p. 128.



23. Heide, Gotland, Sweden. Date when the Church was burnt, namely, in

if^-j. — See Carl Save, Gotland's Runinskrifter, No. 107, p. 46. — Liljegren's Run-

urkunder No. 1911, p. 221.



24. Helgvi, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Formula of the Builder:

LAFRANS BOTUIDARSON, MAISTERA, gared this Church at ESKELHEM. Cannot

be further dated. — See Carl Save, Gotland's Runinskrifter, No. 45, p. 41 ; Liljegren,

Runurkunder, No. 1910, p. 221.



25. Helnaes, Fyen, Denmark. Older and Later runes. Date ab. A. D.

750-800. RHUULF, GUTHI (a Temple -chief) raizd to his brother-son. He and all

perisht on the sea. — See my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 338; Vol. 3, p. 141; Quarto

Hdbk. p. 98.



26. Hitarnes, Iceland. Walrus-teeth had been part of the load of a Green-

land ship, the property of the Bishop of Garde. It was wreckt on the coast in 1266.

The teeth had been markt with red later runes, and the color was still bright more

than 300 years afterwards. See GrOnland's Historiske Mindesmaerker, Vol. 3, KjOben-

havn 184;, p. 48.



27. Holm, Borgesyssel, Norway. On a squared stone. The later runes. A

very obscure inscription. — See 01. Worm, Danicorum Monumenta, Libri 6. Hafniae

1642, p. 481. Cannot be further dated.



28. Holy Hand, Lindisfarne, Northumbria, England. The old Runes and

Roman staves. A grave-stone to AEDA. Date about A. D. 600 — 700. — Will appear

in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 4.



29. HOrsne, Gotland, Sweden. The later Runes. On the Iron Bar

of the Churchdoor. The formula of the maker: FARUALTR IROND (made the

Iron Bar of) this door. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren's Runurkunder,

No. 1947, P- 226.



30. Iceland. Runic risting with a Stylus on a Wax Tablet. Such, by

contact with Roman Civilization, have existed everywhere in Europe. Those in

Runes are naturally scarce. See another in the later runes, under Greenland, date

ab. A. D. 1 1 35; and a third under Norway. — Bears the name of EGIL, and other

owners, in the later runes. Cannot be further dated. — See F. Magnusen, Runamo

og Runerne, KjObenhavn 1841, p. 199.



31. Iceland, Denmark. In Stockholm is a vellum book of medical receipts

Ac, in small 8vo. In the later runes. Date ab. the 14th century. To terrify an

enemy write »K (= H), on a twig, reading thrice, forwards and backwards, SPRENGD

MANS HOC &c. — See Liljegren, Runlara, p. 12; F. Magnusen, Runamo og

Runerne, p. 162.







52 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



32. Denmark. The later Runes. Queen Gunild, the widow of the Swedish

king ANUND, bore a Silver Cross or Crucifix on which her name, GUNILD, was cut.

She died A. D. 1050. See F. Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, p. 586.



33. Dunegard, Dalhem, Sweden. The later runes. A round ornament with

a double bowl, for suspension. The front is of gold, the back of silver. On this

last is cut: pIOKI KAUPI A MIK. Found in 1881. Date about A. D. 1300— 1 361.

— See Docent SOderberg, »0m nagra nyfunna Gotlandska Runinskrifter*, 4***, Lund

1888, p. 6.



34. Dunegard, Dalhem, Gotland, Sweden. A Bowl-foot of silver.. Not

ornamented. The later runes. The name of the artist or owner: SIAL Date ab.

A. D. 1300— 1 361. See same book, p. 8.



35. Gallehus, N. Jutland, Denmark. A golden Runic Horn, the old staves,

found with a second, uninscribed. — ECHLEW for the most dread Holt-king (= Wood-

land-God) this Horn fawd (= made). Date ab. A. D. 300 — 400. — See Vol. 1, p. 320

and fol.; Vol. 3, p. 128; Quarto Handbook p. 85.



36. GOthlunda, Nerike, Sweden. The later Runes. On the Iron Bar of the

Church-door. The staves are now partly gone, but say that the Bar was made by

ULF of Hageby See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1023, p. 109.



37. Grund Church, Ofjord's Syssel, Iceland. The later runes. A wooden

Chair, now in the Danish Museum. Made with a knife only, and all the nails are

of wood. Has part of the Alphabet, reverst, in A. B. C. order, and other ristings.

Lower down in the front are the Runic names of the Signs of the Zodiac, the

Months &c. Later, about A. D. 1580—1605, a lady who had purchast the Chair to

warm herself in church, by help of a charcoal fire inside, has had carvd on the front:



The wife p6RUNN BENEDICT- D(dttir owns this Stool-oven . NARFA See Anti-



qvarisk Tidskrift, Kj5benhavn 1843, p. 57 and fol.



38. Iceland, Denmark. Egil Skallagrimson wrote later runes on the outside

of a Drinking-horn, which he wetted with his blood, and thereby made a cure. Date

ab. A. D. 915. — See F. Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, 4*°, Kjdbenhavn 1841, p. 168.



39. Iceland, Denmark. Egil Skallagrimson wrote later Runes on a Nith-stang

against Queen Gunhilde. Date ab. A. D. 934. ~ See same book, p. 170.



40. Iceland. Egil Skallagrimson' s Daughter wrote, in the later Runes, a poem

composed by her father on the death of his son. — Date ab. A. D. 940. — See

same book, p. 196.



41. Iceland. JOKUL wrote later Runes on the top of a stock, declaring

his foes Nidings. — So told in the Vatnsdaela Saga. Cannot be further dated.



42. Denmark. The later Runes. On a vellum calendar. Ends with the

statement that it was written A. D. 1328. See 01. Worm, Literatura Runica, folio,

Hafnia 1651, p. 50.



43. Denmark. Three flying Swans sing the praises of a Prince carried

away captive. There after fell from heaven a Belt, coverd with the old Runes, which

cxplaind the meaning of the song. So said in the 6th book of the Danish historian

Saxo Grammaticus. Very old, but cannot be further dated.







.i







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 5}



44. Denmark. The later runes. The author is contemporary with king ERIK

MENVED, who died in ijig. Thus the date ab. A. D. ijoo. In the Arnamagnaean

library, KjObenhavn. This Ms. also contains, besides the Runic Law and the Boun-

daryline between Denmark and Sweden, also the list of Danish kings. See 2 facsi-

miles in Scriptores Rerum Danicorum, folio, KjObenhBvn, Vol. 1, p. 26 and }o.



45. Denmark. The later runes. From the same runic codex, but with a

fuller text. Consists of a'A pages. Date ab. A. D. noo— 1400. — Same Scrip-

tores, p. ?i.



46. Dyne, Dalhem, Gotland. A treasure was found here in 1881, for which

the state paid the happy finder 2000 Krowns. Its date is probably about A. D.

1200. Among the rest was an elegant silver Cup with handle. Its Northern owner

has inscribed hereon, in the later runes, the well-known and very ancient Charm-

formula SATOR &c. — See the engravings in Riksantiquary Hildebrand's article,

in )»Manadsbladet«, Stockholm 1882, p. 85 and fol.



47. Dynna, Norway. The later runes. — They say: GUNUUR made a

bridge after her daughter, the fairest maid in Hathaland. This is the only stone in

Norway which speaks of making a bridge in memory of the departed. Arendt's copy

in my Collections. It cannot be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norges Forn-

levninger, p. 127.



48. Eggemo, Ringerike, Norway. The later runes. The boundary-stone east

in Lange-foss. Raizd by AMUNDL On the back is a later date, March 24, 1589. —

Communicated to me by Undset, in 1876. — Is No. 2018 in Liljegren's Runurkunder,

p. 240. — Nicolaysen, p. 146.



49. Eidfjord, Norway. The later rur\ts. They say, as to the Church, that

it was ordineret og malet (arranged and painted) by M. SCHNABEL, Studios, He died

in 1780, as Chaplain in Lier. Thus the date is about A. D. 1750. — See the Norse

Beretning for 1891, Kristiania 1892, p. 42.



50. Eidsberg, Norway. The later runes, but with one old stave, X (G). —

O'INKAR G(ared = made me. -- Date about the 12th yearhundred A. D. — See

Foreningen til Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, 1880, p. 219; and 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol.?, p. 412; 4»® Handbook, p. 244.



51. Eidsberg, Norway. On 4 Bricks in the Church; words to fill-in have

stood on other bricks not yet found. The later runes. OLAFS . . . TO MIK &c. —

See Foreningen til Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, 1880, p. 219. Cannot be

further dated.



52. Eidsberg Church, Norway. The later runes. Besides some illegible

letters we can read: pORAL and KRIB. — See B. E. Bendixen, Antiqvariske Under-

sdgelser, 1881, p. 37. — Cannot be further dated.



Eke, see Aike.



53. England. The Lord's Prayer, in a Ms. at Corpus Christi College,

Cambridge, in Latin, but in Old Northern runes. Date about the loth cen-

tury A. D.



54. England. British Museum, Codex Caligula, 4*® Skinbook. At the bottom

of leaf 119 b and the top of leaf 120 is a long inscription in the later Runes. First







54 XX. RUKIC LITERATURE.



cut on a wooden Cavel. and thence transcribed, for family reasons, on to parchment.

It is the earliest bit of vellum Danish now left to us. Its date is about 1250 — 1275

A. D. It tells us, that: KURIL, wounded at the debates at Ware, is found at STOW

(STOW' MARKET). - See my O. N. Run Mon. Vol. 1. p. 292 and fol.



55. Elghult Church. Smaland, Sweden. The later runes. KIRK carvd.

On the iron central hinge of the door. — See Liljegrens Runurkunder, Stockholm

i8jj. No. 1945, p. 226.



56. Elso, Denmark. Only this piece left. See Thorsen, De Danske Rune-

mindesma^rker. Vol. 2. Kjob. 1879, No. 81. Cannot be further dated. The later

runes. — THRi'IfiT.



57. England, Northumbria. A Kevel of bone or wood. Date about A. D.

600 — 700. Unique. All the tens of thousands, 1000 years ago as common as Chits

and Post-cards are now, are gone as originals. The old runes. Written by a lady,

who thanks God for His merc>'. — Will appear in my O. N. Run. Mon. folio. Vol. 4.

Happily, it is in the British Museum.



n8. England. Colophon. From a Ms. in the British Museum. Latin words,

but in the Old Runes. Date about the loth century A. D.



sg. Forsa. Helsingland. Sweden. The later runes, of peculiar type. First

copied and described by Arendt in 1806. Inscription, in Old -Norse, on both sides.

Bears a legal enactment or folk-law as to the payment of Tithes and offerings. Very

early Christian, and the oldest Nor\*egian law-document now left as an original, not

as a later copy. Date about A. D. 1100 — 1200.



Oxen and Ores shall be the fine for neglect of payment. The 4th neglect shall

aisi the sinner the lass of his whole estate in boot, ANUND and UFEG made the

Rin^, MBIORS wrote the runes.



See Prof. S. Bugge's masterly treatise on this remarkable fom-lave in his

- Runeindskriften paa Ringen i Forsa Kirkes 4^ Christiania 1877.



00, Flekketlord, Noway. The later Runes. AUSTMUN NILARSUNR.

Now in the Bergen Museum. Copied by me in 1881. Cannot be further dated.



or Fortun. Sogn, Norway. The later runes. A copy in my Collections.

The name of the owner or maker, ASKALTR. Cannot be further dated. See Foren.

til Nv>rske Kv^rtidsm. Bevaring, Kristiania 1885, p. 122.



o:. FMmvaren, Nonvay. The later runes. Carvd on a rock over the sea,

whon^ the dtvoast had perisht. — Risted me AINRIpI at (= to) LISTEN. — See

O N. Run. Mon. Vol. ;. p. 04 Cannot be further dated.



0; France. Venantius Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, speaks of the later

runes v>f the KuKuians. - See 01. Worm, Literatura Runica, folio, Hafniae 1651,

P - v:a;uun be further dated. He died in A. D. 609.



v^4 Oiermanv. The name of the English -taught owner ERC^NFRIT The

ts\y Kunos FrvMn a copv in the Arendtiana, KjObenhavn, 1, 5, in my Collections,

in 'a Ms of the oth centurv A. D. Arendt has not said where in Germany the codex



was v^annot bo further dated.



o\ O.idskvV, Romsdal. Non\-ay. Later runes, on a stone. INKI and other

staves vSiH^ K. Magnusen. Runamo og Runerne, 4^ Kjdbenhavn 1841, p. 202.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 55



66. Gotland, Sweden, at Hegsarve. A wooden Ploughing-plane, of peartree,

with the later staves, obtaind from a Farmer who was a Carpenter. His father, to

whom it had belongd, was also a Carpenter, and said that his father had cut his

name E. 0. S. (E. OLAFS-SON) in the only letters he knew, the later runes. Carl

Johan Gadelius generously gave a second similar runic Plane to the Visby Museum.

This is the latest known instance of the runes in domestic use in Sweden.



67. Guldbrandsdal, Norway. The later runes. A Boundary-mark raizd by

FIN and SKOFTI, Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 2019, p. 240.



68. Iceland. Later staves. About A. D. 1600. Communications. Mentiond

in my Collections.



69. Iceland, Vatnsfjord, Hof. The later runes. About ?o names on the

Churchdoor. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 2982, p. 265.



70. Iceland. Letter-writing in the later runes. Date 1545 A. D. ' Mentiond

in my Collections.



71. Iceland. An old woman tries to charm her enemy, GRETTER, who

had broken her thigh with a stone. She cut ban -runes, the later staves, on a tree-

root. It was carried by the waves to GRETTERS home, and caused her death:

Date ab. A. D. 1300.



72. Iceland. The later runes. A wooden Cavel. ODDNY cut the staves to

make known what had happend to her, as she was dumb. So told in Olaf Tryggvason's

Saga, Part 2, p. 21. — Liljegren, Run-lara, p. 182. Cannot be further dated.



7J. Iceland. A wooden Cavel. The later runes. THORD'S challenge to

KLOFVE, but which SKAGGE treacherously kept back. — So told in Svarfdaela Saga,

cap. 14. Cannot be further dated. — Liljegren, Run-l^ra, p. 182.



74. Iceland. The name of a famous Rune -smith: pORRUDR RUNA-

MEISTARI. Cannot be further dated. See 01. Worm, Literatura Runica, folio,

Hafniae 1651, p. 38.



75. Iceland, Rangarvalla, Rutshalla. Two later runes (AM). — Cannot be

further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 2981, p. 265.



76. Iceland. The later runes. A wooden Cavel. Snorre Sturlason is warnd

by a friend that his life is in danger. But he could not in haste decipher the pur-

posely obscure binds — in case the cavel was discovered — and Snorre was

murderd. — Cannot be exactly dated, but about A. D. 1241. — F. Magnusen.

Runamo og Runerne, 4*^ KjObenhavn 1841, p. 164.



77. Iceland. A wooden Cavel. The later runes. JOKULL and FAXABRAND

cut ban -words against their foe. So told in Vatnsdaela Saga. Date ab. A. D.

1200 — 1250.



78. Iceland. A wooden Cavel. The later runes. A message of ERIK

STILK to his comrades, whereby he saved his life. Spoken of in king Sverre's Saga.

Date ab. A. D. 1240. — See Liljegren, Run-l^ra, p. 182.



79. Aike (Eke in Liljegren) Church, Gotland, Sweden. The later staves. A

stone slab in the north pillar, saying when the Church was painted. Date ab. A. D.







56 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



1 46 1. — See Carl Save, Gotlands Runinskrifter, No. 162, p. 49; Liljegren, Run-

urkunder, No. 191 2, p. 222. The risting is now hidden by a coat of paint.



80. Aike (Eke in Liljegren), Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Remains

of black staves under fresco -pa in ting. Cannot be further dated. See Carl Save,

Gotland's Runinskrifter, No. i6?, p. 41; Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 163, p. 16.



81. AL, Buskerud, Norway. The later runes. On a wooden block, between

two pillars of the church door. Date ab. A. D. 1200. pOROLF and his comrade

G/ER/E built this church, — See Foren. til Norges Mindesmaerkers Bevar. 1880, p. 220.



82. Al, Hathingdal, Norway. Found on a board inside the church, when

it was taken down in 1880. The later runes. — pAR ER ALR &c. — See Foren. til

Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevar. 1880, p. 190. Cannot be further dated.



83. Al, Hallingdal, Norway. The later runes. - pETA HEFIR MYITR

(z= Eyvindr) made. Cannot be further dated. — Same book, 1881, p. 141.



84. Alborg, Jutland, Denmark. The later runes. On the lock of the Church-

door. No further imformation given by him. Cannot be further dated. — Thorsen,

De Danske Runemindesmaerker, Vol. 2, p. 52.



85. Alborg, N. Jutland, Denmark. Mentiond in my collections. In the

later runes. On a piece of Ochre-stone, about 3 inches long by i 'A broad and deep.

Found at the beginning of the 19th century, and kept in the local Museum. At the

top, on the left, 2 lines of small staves, about the 12th century A. D. They are a

memorandum, copied from the beginning of the Brynderslev-stone.



86. Anefeldt Church, Oslo, Norway. The later runes. One bind-rune ^ —

0\\ Cannot be further dated. — See Foren. til Norske Fortidsm. Bevar. 1887.

Kristiania 1888, p. 53.



87. Ardal Church, Norway. Later runes. About the 12th yearhundred

A. D. - GU/> hiabe ^er TRAUTTO. — See Nicolaysen, Fortekning &c. for 1868,

Krist. 1869, p. 37.



88. Asum, Skane, Sweden. The later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1225. Christ

help the builders of this church, ABSILON Archbishop and /ESBIORN MULL — See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1915, p. 222.



89. Auda, Jaederen, Norway. About 1870 a monolith with the old runes

and ornaments was taken out of a fence from a grave -chamber, and is LOST.

(-annot be further dated. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. p. 74.



Qo. Barnspike, Cumberland, England. The crags are about 1200 feet above

the level of the sea. Date ab. 1100 — 1169. Commemorates the murder of GILLIES

liUETIl. See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 648. — See the Barnspike scribble under

GRAFFin



Qi. BSrse, Sealand, Denmark. Date ab. the nth yearhundred A. D. A

stone smasht and LOST. The fragment by me engraved was found on the highway

in i«22. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 862; 4»<> Hdbk. p. 102.



1)2. Hjarnarhellir Grotto, Iceland. Reverst later runes. A magical scribble.

Sec* K. MaKHuscn. Runamo, p. 567. — Cannot be further dated.



c)^ Bilden (-hurch*, Hadeland, Norway. A sampler or wall-hanging showing

a hunting-scene, afterwards given to the Church to decorate the Altar. Was in







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 57



01. Worm's Museum. Now LOST. Cannot be further dated. Liljegren No. 1888,

p. 217. LOpAN markt, who was the sister daughter of RAKNILTI his sister; SjOborg,

Samlingar, 4*^ p. 152, fig. 36.



94. BjOrketorp, Bleking, Sweden. The O. N. Runes. Date ab. the 7th

yearhundred A. D. — Tells of the exploits of S/EATH in battle. — See 0. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. I, p. 165; Vol. }, p. }2; 4«*»Hdbk. p. 17.



95. Bo, Ranneberg, Stavanger, Norway. The later runes. KOBIORN irond

(made the iron hinges for) this door. Copy in the Danish Museum. Cannot be

further dated.



96. Borglum Kloster, Vendsyssel, Jutland, Denmark. The later runes. Copy

in my Collections. The formula of the builder. Cannot be further dated.



97. Borgund Church, Bergenhus, Norway. On the wood in the gallery

over the arcades. The later runes. pORlR risted these staves at OLAFSMASS . . .

the church at KIRKIUUOLD (the name of the estate). Cannot be further dated. See

Nicolaysen, p. 449.



98. Brunswick, Germany, in the Ducal Museum. The old runes. A most

costly Casket, of thin plates of Walrus Ivory, with fittings of yellowish bronze. The

bottom-plate is also of Walrus or Morse Ivory, on which the staves are twice repeated.

NETHI wrote (carvd) this for the most noble yEU in Montpellier of Gaul. — See



0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 378; Vol. 2, p. 865; 4*** Hdbk. p. 119. Date ab. A. D.

620 — 650.



99. Bygland, Norway. The later runes. GUp hialbi SILMAI NILTAR.



01. Worm, Monumenta, p. 495. Cannot be further dated.



100. Calendars, runic, existed by thousands in public and private Museums.

Some few have WANDERD south. An immense literature belongs to them. See

No. 3, and B. E. Hildebrand's Description of Ingeborg's Armring in my Translation

of Tegner's Frithiofs Saga, Stockholm, 1839.



101. Denmark. Wooden Runic Cavel. Four lines of old Runes, by the

Danish Po^t HIARN. Very old, but cannot be further dated. See the beginning of

Book 6 of the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus.



102. Denmark. The later runes. On a Wooden Cavel. See Brynolf in his

Ms. notes to Saxo Grammaticus. Cannot be further dated. — 01. Worm, Literatura

Runica, folio, Hafniae i6;i, p. 133.



103. Denmark. The later runes. On a wooden Cavel. Sent by the Bishop

of Alborg to 01. Worm. Greatest length ab. 2V4 inches, near i -fourth of an inch

deep. A loving husband greets his wife. Cannot be further dated. 01. Worm, Dan.

Mon. Libri 6, 1643, p. 199.



104. Denmark. The later runes. Whoever may see this, let him say a

Paternoster for the souls of the departed, and so get God's blessing. Cannot be further

dated. — 01. Worm, Dan. Monum. Libri 6, Hafniae 1643, P- 5'4-



105. Denmark. In the first Danish book printed in Denmark. A runic

Chronicle in verse, Kj5benhavn 1495, attributed to a BRODER NIELS in Sore.

He uzes the word RUN, here found written for the first time. He is describing



8







58 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



a Runic Calendar -stock, and says: ^The RUN/E THR/E, jeg screff them opaa

myth kncet,



io6. Denmark. The later runes, arranged for memory by WALDEMAR

SEIER, ab. A. D. 1216. The wounded Hawk fled from the game, — 01. Worm,

Literatura Runica, folio, Hafniae 1651, p. 72.



107. Denmark. A runic vellum Calendar, in later runes. Dated in runes

1572. 1 have mislaid the reference.



108. Denmark. On tapestry and hangings &c. The later runes. Cannot

be further dated. — See 01. Worm, Literatura Runica, folio, Hafniae 1651, p. 134.



109. Denmark. A runic vellum Calendar. Later runes. Dated 1328. —

See Liljegren's Runurkunder, No. 2826, p. 163. Belongd to 01. Worm.



no. Denmark. A vellum Calendar, the later runes. Belongd to 01. Worm.

Cannot be further dated. See Worm's p. 148, 168, 441, 514.



111. Denmark. A vellum Calendar, the later runes. A roundlet with a

rune-bearing hand, on the one side. Belongd to 01. Worm. Same pages in Worm.

Cannot be further dated.



112. Denmark. A second nearly similar. Same pages in Worm. Cannot

be further dated.



113. Denmark. A vellum Runic Calendar, the later staves. Belongd to

01. Worm. Same pages in Worm. Cannot be further dated.



114. Denmark. A runic vellum Calendar. Belongd to 01. Worm. Same

pages in Worm. The later runes. Cannot be further dated.



115. Denmark. The later runes. Poem on the Peace, by Grater, 1814.

In my collections.



116. Denmark. Poem in honor of Fredrik the 6th's Marriage, by F. Mag-

nusen, date 1815. In my Collections.



117. Denmark. Medal over Christian 5, by Gyldenlove. The later runes.

In my Collections.



118. Denmark. The later runes. Medal over Wing, by Liljegren. In my

Collections.



119. Dublin Museum, Ireland. The later runes. On a wooden Cavel.

Apparently only a scribble. Cannot be further dated.



120. Eid, Ytters5, Norway. The later runes, about ten later Runes, now

nearly illegible. Cannot be further dated. Karl Rygh, Faste Fornlevninger. 8vo,

Tronyem 1 879. p. So.



121. ENGLAND. The old runes in Scando-Anglia are many, dating from

the 8th. 9th, loth centurj' A. D., and even later. Best knoNSTi are M (D) for DAY,

and H M) for MAN. No rune has ever been found in any German or Saxon Ms.

Famous is the way in which the Northumbrian 8th century Poet (tho now only

::und in a loth centur}* Southern transcript) CYNEWULF has so largely uzd the

Old rur.es in naming himself as the author of many masterly pieces.



122. England. Northumbria. Olaf Worm receivd a copy of an inscription

in :zi oLur runes from the middle age. It cannot be further dated. The staves, as

eiven bv Worm, are as follows:







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 59



RICiES DROHTNiES.



Of the mighty Lord .

See Worm's Mon. Danic. Libri Sex, Hafniae 1643, p. 161.



123. ENGLAND. Later runes. A long inscription. Old Engl, vellum

Codex, publish! by Hickes and Kemble. See also Archaeologia , Vol. 28, London



1840, Tab. 20, 4, and F. Magnusen, Runamo, p. 603. No divisions between the

staves. GURIL S/ER fiU ERE FER pU NU FUND UNUSTU . fiOR UIGI piK . POR

SA DROTTINN . lURIL SER pU ERA UIDR AbRA U/ERI. Cannot be further dated.



124. ENGLAND. Colophon. A Ms. in Corpus Christi College, very old

hand. Latin, but in the Older runes. Cannot be further dated.



125. We find RUNES uzd for LETTERS as late as the 14th cent. A. D.

In the 2 North-Engl. texts of the »Cursor Mundi«, Part j, London 1876, p. 870— 871,

line 15, 230, we read: >Als it is redd IN RUN, als it is redd in RUNE«. This

being lookt upon as obsolete in the i^th century, the midland copyist gave it as »wi|)

wordes nozt to roun; as hit is red in toun«. Again, at p. 898—899, line 15, 704,

and else where, »can no man rede in RUN, can no man rede in ROUN«, &c.



126. England. Venantius (Hunte), an English Carmelite who died A. D.

1478. says, the Northmen uzd Runes for secret writing. See F. Magnusen, Runamo

og Runerne, 4*^ p. 176.



127. Farsund, Norway. The old runes. The rune -mark on the hill:

TACN F (^ fawd, made me). Arendt's copy in my Collections. Cannot be

further dated.



128. FrOkind, Vardkumla Churchyard, W.Gotland, Sweden. A coped stone,

with end-rime over 2 men deceast. Cannot be further dated. The later runes. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1631, p. 189.



129. Gjessingholm, Jutland, Denmark. The later runes, and also one word

(HORDERUS) as the maker's name. Date about the 12th century A. D. — See

Thorsen, De Danske Runemindesmaerker, Vol. 2, text and Vol. 1, engraving.



130. Gjevedal, Omlid, Norway. The Old runes, reverst. Now LOST.

Date about 1050 — 1150 A. D. From a rubbing by Arendt, in 1805, in my Collec-

tions. /ENS/EGUI SI/E, let this be /Enscegui's grave mound, — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 1, p. 276; Vol. 3, p. 1 16; 4*<^ Hdbk. p. 73.



131. Gommor, Bleking, Sweden. The old runes. Date ab. 600—700 A. D.

Was sent to Denmark in 1652, and was destroyd in the great fire of 1728. — See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 206; Vol. 2, p. 835; Vol. 3, p. 32; \u> Hdbk. p. 20. It said:

THORLAF set this stone to H^THUWOLF,



132. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes and also Latin staves. Mostly

gone. GUP &c. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1743, p. 203. — Cannot be

further dated.



133. Greenland. A runic Stylus for writing on a waxt tablet. The later

runes. Date ab. 1135 A. D. — Fin Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, KjObenhavn



1841, p. 199. — See a second example of the Stylus under ICELAND.



8*







60 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



134. Greenland. The later runes. The Scald spells his name with the

staves for TUMAS (= Thomas). — See GrOnlands Historiske Mindesmaerker, Vol. 2,

KjObenhavn 1938, p. 575.



135. Gr5tlingbo, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. A boundary -stone.

URA pIT. — See Carl Save, Gotl^ndska Runminnesm^rker, No. 161, p. 49; Liljegren,

Runurkunder, No. 2014, p. 239.



136. Greenland, Denmark. The laier runes. LODIN receives intelligence of

the shipwreck of friends by means of a wooden Cavel. Cannot be further dated. —

See Liljegren, Run-lara, p. 182.



137. Greenland, Denmark. UG-LODIN is said, in the tale about TOSTE,

to have brought back to the church the dead bodies he had found in holes, carried

thither by the ice. On some of the skeletons were cut later runes, on a wooden

Cavel, telling of their misfortunes and sad end. This took place about A. D. 1150.

See Gr5nland's Historiske Mindesmaerker, Vol. 2, p. 657.



138. Iceland, Denmark. The mutual rights of Norway and Iceland. Vellum

document. Date ab. A. D. 1084— 1107. Mentiond in my Collections.



139. Iceland, Denmark. Right to go from Norway to Iceland. Later runes.

Vellum Ms. Date ab. A. D. iioo. Mentiond in my Collections.



140. Iceland, Denmark. The later runes. HALLMIUNCfS daughter carves

(i kefli) the poem which her dying father had compozd. So told in 01. Tryggvason's

Saga. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Run-I^ra p. 182.



141. Jarstorp Church, Smaland, Sweden. The name of the Church, in later

runes. On a stone near the ground, at the west corner of the building. Cannot

be further dated. — See Liljegren's Runurkunder, No. 1905., p. 221.



142. Jutland, Denmark. The old runes. In heathen days, say about the

9th century before Christ, a Prince in Jutland, called Hamlet, saved his life and

gaind in marriage the English king's daughter, by cutting out the runes on a wooden

Cavel which his false comrades carried, and carving others in their stead. In Hazlitt's

translation of the words »literas ligno inscriptas< of the 12th century Danish historian

Saxo Grammaticus, p. 246, we find the exact words — »literas ligno insculptas (nam

id celebre quondam genus chartarum erat . . . curauit abradi, nouasque figuranim

apicibus substitutas &c.«, thus carving other staves which demanded Hamlet's death.

But the subtle Danish prince, at sea, while his companions slept, having redd the

letters, raced out what concernd his death, and engraved others, to the effect that

king FENGON should give him his daughter.



143. Jutland, Denmark. Rune-staff, vellum Ms. The later runes. Dated

1328. Was found in a library in Jutland, and belongd to the Chancelor CHR. FRIS

of Kragerup, but it seems to have come from Gotland. — See Liljegren, Run-

urkunder, p. 163.



144. Jutland, Denmark. On 2 stones near N5rholm*s Church-door. The

later runes and also Latin staves. — See Liljegren, No. 2980, p. 265. Cannot be

further dated.



145. Jutland, Denmark. Hornum Church-door. The later runes and also

Latin staves. Runes scribbled. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 2979, p. 265.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 6 1



146. Kallerup, Sealand, Denmark. The older and also later runes. This

stone was ploughd up in 1828. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 342; 4**^ Hdbk.

p. 76. Date ab. A. D. the 8th yearhundred.



147. KastellgSrden , Sweden. A commander's Baton of wood. The Old

runes. Date about the 6th century A. D. Found in 1864 near Gotenburg at the

former Konungahella, and is now in the Stockholm Museum. Bears: HAUF pUUKU

F H (for harij, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 212; 4*«Hdbk. p. 15.



148. Kila Bell-tower, Vermland, Sweden. Bears the name of the Priest.

Cannot be further dated. The later runes. Mentiond in my Collections.



149. Kingitoarsuk, Greenland, Denmark. The name of the Builder. Date

ab. A. D. IIJ5. Mentiond in my Collections. The later runes.



150. Kinneved, W. Gotland, Sweden. The old runes, reverst. The dead

man's name: SIMLUH. Cut on Steatite (Soapstone). Was found in 1843. Is in

Skara Museum, W. Gotland. This is the smallest grave -minne in Scandinavia. Its

greatest length is ab. } inches, by ab. 3'/8 of an inch deep. Was of course laid in

the tomb. Date about the 3rd yearhundred A. D. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 21;

4^*» Hdbk. p. 5.



151. Kirkvold, Norway. The later runes. Arendt's copy in my Collections.

HANS BERGSENG, anno 1789.



152. Kirkevold, Norway. The later runes. At the Inn for changing horses.

Arendt's copy in my Collections. OTTO SUENSEN, 1799,



153. Kius Church, Norway. The later runes. On the wall of the Quire.

LOD^NA KION ket pasntta pastta. Cannot be further dated. — Liljegren, Run-

urkunder. No. 1924, p. 223.



154. KjOlevik, Strand, Ryfylke, Norway. The older runes. In stave-rime.

Now in the Christiania Museum. — Says: In thy kin's grave-mound gather thee to thy

elder, Grose (^ the horrors) blast him who would break up thy How, — See 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 453, and Prof. S. Bugge in Arb. for Nordisk Oldkyndighed,

1884, p. -81.



155. KjOlevik, Norway. A smaller stone and shorter inscription. Now

LOST. See same work, p. 125.



156. KjObenhavn, Denmark. The later runes. A Silver Goblet, in the

Danish Museum. The formula of the owner. Date 1729. — PEpER WELL

ERICHSEN &c.



157. Klefva, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes and Latin letters. Over a

deceast man, PORPAR. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder

No. 1637, p. 190.



158. Kolding, Jutland, Denmark. The later runes. On a small oblong

Silver Paten. Bears the owner's name: KLOCKER Upl COLplNG. Anno i68f. —

A copy in my Collections.



159. Kolindsund, Jutland, Denmark. The later runes. A nicely smoothd

stone, nearly a roundel, engraved on both sides and pierced for suspension. It is a



•



DOG-COLLAR, from about the 14th century A. D. Was found in 1872. Bears:

Thou, SUAIN, art TORBIARN'S friend. Thus the Dog begs, should he lose his







62 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



way, to be sent home to TORBIARN. - For another Dog-Collar see FORDE,

Norway. — Further details in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 107.



160. Korpeklinte, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. A tradition about the

expedition of Helgo, dated ab. 2foo years before Christ. — See 01. Worm, Danicorum

Monum. Libri 6, folio, Hafniaj 1643, p. 451.



161. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. The old runes. Date ab. the 4th

century A. D. — Only a fragment, of ash -wood. An Amulet or Knife- handle or

small Box. Found in 1865. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. J17— J19; 4**"

Hdbk. p. 90.



162. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. The old Runes. Found in 1750. A

bone Snake. LOST. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. J19.



1 6 J. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. A bone Snake. Of a mythical

Character. Freely given, it says: /, ERIL, ANS-UGGS r= Woden's) IRON STORM

PIERCER (= this Unce) BID: - GO, GO, GAINST the-SAVAGE; HENCE HURRY

HyEG/EL QUICK, on-GORY WAR-BED gash him thro! The staves are cut with

single, double, treble and four- double lines. Date ab. the 4th cent. A. D. — See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 319; Quarto Hdbk. p. 90.



164. Krogstad, Upland, Sweden. The old Runes, reverst. Date ab. the 5th

yearhundred A. D. MYSYOUING to-SyO/EIN. The dots on the dress of the deceast

chief I take to be conventional ring-mail. — See 0. N. Run. Mon Vol. i, p. 184;

Vol. 2, p. 967; Vol. 3, p. 31 ; 4*° Hdbk. p. 14.



165. Kragehul Moss, Fyen, Denmark. The old runes. A wooden Lid,

found in 1750. LOST. Cannot be further dated. -- See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1,

p. J 19; 4'*>Hdbk. p. 90.



166. Lancaster, Lancashire, England. The old Runes. Date ab. the 7th

century A. D. BID (pray) for CONBALP CUI>BERE(Hting). — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I, p. J73; Vol. J, p. 184; 4»°Hdbk. p. 124.



167. Leaden Tablets, i. Odense, Fyen, Denmark. Date ab. A. D. 1000 —

1050. Very small. Later runes, and also words in Danish. — 2. Lorn, Norway.

With 9 lines of later runes. A small thin slip, 2V8 inches long by Vs inches deep.

Cannot be further dated. — j. Malle, Stavanger, Norway. A thin Cross-shaped

plaque of lead. The later runes. Made as a holy Amulet. Date ab. 4th century

A. D. — 4. StOren, Tronyem, Norway. A Cross-shaped leaden slip, 2V2 feet high

by a nearly central piece 13 inches across. The later runes, mostly worn out. A

copy by the Parish priest BULL is in my Collections.



168. Lid, Gausdal, Norway. AIUFR ALKR bar fiska i RAUfiU SIO.

Arendt's drawing in the later runes is in my Collections. Cannot be further dated.

.See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger, p. loi.



Linating, see.HOrsne.



169. Lindholm, Skane, Sweden. A bone Amulet or Tool or Plaything.

The old runes have double and treble strokes. Date about the 7th century A. D.

The meaning seems to be: /, ERIL^EA, the-ILL (fierce) Go, HIGHT I; AYE,

O SNAKE, AGAINST /ELA! An ERIL^A ownd the Kragehul Lance. — See O. N.

Hun. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 219; Vol. 3. p. 33; Quarto Hdbk. p. 24.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 6^



170. Lindisfarne, Northumberland, England. Old-N. runes, but also Latin

letters, with the names of the Apostles. Date ab. A. D. 698. — See 0. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. I, p. 449, 453; Vol. 3, p. 193; 4^°Hdbk. p. 133.



171. Listerby, Denmark. The to^r runes. Formula of the Builder. Cannot

be further dated. Mentiond in- my Collections.



172. Lorn, Norway. The later runes. A small thin slip of lead, with 9

lines, giving the Latin Paternoster and the names of the 4 Evangelists. E is here ♦,

S is I, C is H. I have to thank Prof. Olaf Rygh for a drawing by his own hand,

delicately figured. — See Arsberet. i Foren. til Norske Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, p. 69.



173. LOnborg, Denmark. On the Iron Bar of the Churchdoor. The later

runes. A long inscription, but the letters are so damaged that we can only see it

is the formula of the maker. Cannot be further dated. See Thorsen, De Danske

Runemindesmaerker, Vol. i, Nr. 20.



174. Loom, Norway. The later Runes. The formula of the Builders:

SIGURDR and BARDR, Date ab. 1250—75 A. D. — See Nicolaysen, Norske Forn-

levninger p. 96.



175. Lund, Skane, Sweden. A bone Bodkin, found in 1882 in a garden.

Tapers to a point. Is about 5 inches long. Greatest depth on the left ab. Vs of an

inch. The formula of the owner: TOFANA SKEFNIK, in the later runes. Cannot

be further dated, but seems to be from the middle age. It will appear in my 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 4.



176. Lund, Skane, Sweden. In the later Runes. Is in the Cathedral. GOD

HELP. Dated 1424. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1916, p. 222.



177. Lund, Skane, Sweden. The later runes. GOD ME HELP. Dated

1447. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder, Reference mislaid.



178. Lund Cathedral, Sweden. The later Runes. Formula of the Builder

ADAM VAN DURE. GOT HELP, and in Latin staves ADAMS BORN. On a pillar

in the Church is the same inscription. See Liljegren, Run-lara, p. 164.



179. Lund, Norway. On the Church -door. The later runes. The formula

of the maker of the door: R/EGN/ES RANDUIK ILpA. Cannot be further dated.

01. Worm, Monum. Danic. libri 6, p. 100.



180. LysO, Afjord, Norway. The olden runes. Mostly worn away. Only a

couple X or J{ and 1< or A are left. Date about the 7th yearhundred A. D. —

See Foren. til Norske Fortidsm. Bevaring for 1886. Kristiania 1887/ p. 121.



181. Maakestad, Norway. A very small Cross, with 2 of the later runes

(SP) on one side. Saine work, 1890, p. 35.



182. Malle, Stavanger, Norway. The later Runes. Found in 1887. Date

ab. the 14th century A. D. An Amulet of lead. ESSE (= eccej crucem domini &c.

and the names of the 4 Evangelists. A copy receivd from Prof. Olaf Rygh in 1887. —

See a second small and thin leaden tablet, ab. A. D. 1000, under ODENSE, Den-

mark. — Will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 4.



183. MalmO, Sweden. The later runes. In a copy of the well-known book

>Cyprianus«, printed in Malm5 in 1771, are many of these staves. Of course

meaningless to the uninitiated.







64 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



Man, the Hand, see the Inscriptions under CROSSES.



184. Maere Church, Sparbuen, Norway. The later runes. In a Icist under

the floor of the Chancel. Drawing kindly sent me by Lektor K. Rygh in Bergen.

Length ab. 8 inches, by greatest depth on the left of iVs of an inch. Cannot be

further dated. — Will be given in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4. — The

meaning is: May God save him whom a woman mind. We shall never know the

secret details.



185. The Maeshowe stones date from ab. the year 1100 to 11 90 A. D. —

Maeshowe, the Orkneys, No. i. pATIR the Wiking came weary hither. In the later runes.



186. Maeshov^e, No. 2. The later runes. MOLF KOLB/EINSSON cut

these staves.



187. Maeshowe, No. j. The later runes. BRAH hewd this.



188. Maeshowe, No. 4. The later runes. UEMUND raizd this stone.



189. Maeshowe, No. 5. See under ALPHABETS.



190. Maeshowe, Nos. 6 and 7. Probably sent on a wooden Cavel. The

reply, in the later runes, cannot be further dated. ORKASON tells how some fellow-

soldiers have fallen in battle. — See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 757; and Proc. of

Soc. of Ant. of Scotland, Vol.8, part 1, Edinb. 1869, p. 141.



191. Maeshowe, No. 8. INGIBORH the fair widow &c. A^RUKR carvd. —

See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 2J7.



192. Maeshowe, No. 9. The later runes, with one % (= o) of the older.

THOR (or Javelin) soreth.H^LHI carvd. — See 0. N. Run, Mon. Vol. 1, p. 485;

Vol. J, p. 214; 4»«Hdbk. p. 153.



193. Maeshowe, No. 10. The later runes. pORER FOMIR.



194. Maeshowe, No. 11. The later runes. OFRAMR SIGURpARSON.



195. Maeshowe, No. 12. The later runes. OTAR FILA cut this.



196. Maeshowe, No. 13. The later runes. The man here said, that the booty

was carried off f nights ago.



197. Maeshowe, No. 14. The later runes. Jerusalem-men (pilgrims to Jerusalem)

broke open this Howe (Pictshouse) &c.



198. Maeshowe, No. 15. The later runes. ARNFIp MATR cut these staves.

\qq. Maeshowe, No. 16. With that AXE which KOK had &c. Later runes.



200. Maeshowe, No. 17. H/ERMUNTR HARp-EKSI cut the runes. The



later staves.



201. Maeshowe, No. 18. These runes cut that man who is most rune -skilled

out west. The later staves. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 238.



202. Maeshowe, No. 19. The later runes. This How (Picts- house) was

deserted. Much booty get we out in Romansey.



20 ^ Maeshowe, No. 20. LOpBROKAR SCENAR &c. broke open the How &c.



Thr later runes.



204. Maeshowe, No. 21. ARNFRIpR STAINS risted these staves. The



later runes.



20s. Maeshowe, No. 22. The later runes. Many bind-staves. Not yet redd.

206, Maeshowe, No. 23. The later runes. IKIK/ERpIR of women the fairest Slc.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 65



207. Maeshowe, No. 24. The later runes, but with one older stave X (0).

Thus an overgang block.



208. Molde, Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. The name of the Builder.

Cannot be further dated. Mentiond in my Collections.



209. Mykene Golden Diadem. The old runes. Inscribed ab. 4th century

A. D. — See the description, by the owner, Dr. Julius Naue, of Munich, in »Jahr-

bUcher der Kreises von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande«, Tome 93. — Will

appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



210. Myr, StjOrdal, Norway. The later runes, carvd on a rock. UBLIOTR

cut these staves. See »FaBdrelandet«, KjOb., Sept. 6, 1870.



211. Nittorp Church, W. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. A stone slab.

The Builder's name. Cannot be further dated.



212. Norway. The later runes. On the tooth of a narwhale, the name of

the king: SUERRI. Date ab. A. D. 11 80. — See 01. Worm, Danica Literatura, fol.

Hafnias 1651, p. 36.



213. Norway. The later runes. A Stylus and Wax Tablet. Announces the

shipwreck of the Priest INGEMUND, on his way to Greenland. Date ab. A. D. 1199.

— See a 2nd example of the Stylus under Greenland, and a 3rd under Iceland. —

See Liljegren's Run-lara, p. 182.



214. Norway. On a wooden Cavel. The later runes. Intelligence of the loss

of a ship, of which CARL was Captain. C^innot be further dated. — See Liljegren,

Run-lara, p. 182.



215. Norway. The later runes. In the Law-book such later staves are for-

bidden by both king and bishop. Cannot be further dated. See 01. Worm, Litera-

tura Runica, folio, Hafniae 1651, p. 14.



216. Norway. The later runes. Was sent from Norway to the Royal

Danish Society, under the name of king Olufs Oblate-iron. Bears: the name of the

owner, a lady named RAINUAIK. Cannot be further dated. A copy, in 4*°, is in

my Collections.



217. Norway. In the Arna-Magnaean Codex 22^ folio. The later runes.

Cannot be further dated. Is a scribble.



218. Norway, Oslo. A piece of wood, with later runes lightly cut. What

is left gives no meaning. Cannot be further dated. — Letter to me from Prof. 01.

Rygh, Christiania, April 27, 1894.



219. Norway. Mutual rights of Iceland and Norway. The later runes.

Vellum codex. Date ab. A. D. 1084. I have mislaid the reference.



220. Norway. Boundary - line between Norway and Sweden. The

later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1268 or 1273. — See Norges Gamle Love,

Vol. 2, p. 487.



221. Norway. Same Boundary- line. Same work, Vol. 2, p. 489. — or klcei-

funni ok j RUNAFURUNA vid steinam.



222. Norway. Same Boundary-line. Same work, Vol. 2, p. 489. — hitt /'''

endamerki or RUNAFURUNNI ok j huitabergh.



9







66 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



223. Norway. Same Boundary- line. Same work. Vol. 2, p. 489. — or

Rosange ok j RUNASTEIN. — I cannot give any such examples of Heathen Runic

grave-stones — as Boundary- marks — in England, altho we have hundreds of such

referred to under various names. Such are BARROW (BEORG), (HiEPENE)

BURYELES, BYRGELSE, BYRIGELS, BURGILSA. See my 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol.2, p. 855: 8aer ^Ifstan liS on haeSenan byrgels . CRUNDEL (a grave), CRUN-

DEL(L), CRUNDUL. LOH^ (a grave or grave-mound), HUWE, HLAW, HLAU,

HLiEU, HLiEWE, HLEWE, LiEIW^I, L^W, LAU, LEAH, LEW. KIST (a grave-

chamber). STONE, STAN, STONE. Accidentally, to not one of these has the word

Rune been attacht. At the same time 1 here repeat, what I said in my 0. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. 2, p. 856: »Now altho some Saxon and German Charters and Limitaries

are very old, older than the oldest in Scandinavia, I have never remarkt one single

instance among them which in any way seems to bear record of similar Runic Stones

and Runic Barrows among their population.*



224. Norway. Later Runes. A Mislaid or LOST slab. Date ab. the 13th

century A. D. — See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger, p. 122.



225. Klepp, Norway. The later runes. Only the top of a stone left,

bearing the figure of a Dragon, and a few staves left: Up and OUH. Same work,

p. 297. Cannot be further dated.



226. Bergenhus, Norway. Found in 185 1. The later runes. A fragment of

a marble slab. What staves are left is not stated. Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger

p. 430. Cannot be further dated.



227. Bredem, Norway. The later staves. A Drinking-horn with a rim of

gold. The inscription gives no meaning. It is: fiREKAR pRELKUR OTL SELpUR

TAO EIL HEILpUR. — Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 496.



228. Grinde, Norway. The later runes. A stone slab, mik ier SKEGGI

firir heit. Is a Palimpsest stone, uzd a second time, with grave- words to a BRYN-

HILDR ENDRID, Cannot be further dated. Same book. p. 586.



229. Naereim, Norway. The later runes. AUDOR GUNHILTARSUN gaere

(carvd) meek. Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 809.



230. Norderhov, Buskerud, Norway. The later runes. On the south wall

of the Quire. There still remaind, in 1823, a risting beginning with SIGURDR,

Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 140.



231. Skrivarberget, Tronyem, Norway. The later runes. Some idle words

carvd by visitors, which give no meaning. Copied byArendt. rutsmurkum uisafirlit..,

BIAURN ristu runur pesar . . . undir austanuerpre ore er gul g (= geymt) niu alna nipr.

Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 617.



2J2. Norway. The later runes. Border-list, ab. A. D. 1330. There is a

later and incorrect copy in runes in the Stockholm Library, Sweden. See Norge's

Gamle Love, Vol. 3, Christiania 1849, p. 152.



233. Norway. The later runes. Land- border between Norway and Russia.

Date ab. A. D. 1340. — See E. 1. Bjorner, De Orthographia Linguae Svio Gothicae

Vulgari. 4^^ Stockholmiae 1742, p. 60; also Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, VoL i,

p. 26 and fol.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 67



234. Nye Church, Balden, Norway. The later runes. A tall wooden Cross

Monstrans, in the center the name lESUS, Arendt's copy in my Collections. Cannot

be further dated.



2 J 5. Oddernes, Norway. The later runes. Bears: EYINDR built this Church,

godson of HALA, on his patrimony. Cannot be further dated. — See Nicolaysen,

Norske Fornlevninger, 2, p. 266.



236. Odemotland, Stavanger, Norway. A Burnt Bone, from a grave-urn with

the usual ashes and bits of charred bone. Only 4 inches long by V4 of an inch on

one side, the greatest breadth about 5— 8ths of an inch. The older runes. Date ab.

the 6th century A. D. — The Norse traveler to Sweden gaind his object by this

Charm -song in stave- rime and end -rime and by the added mystical spells, for he

reacht his Norwegian home and family in safety, and this memorial was added to

his funeral pyre in his honor. — It will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.

— Prof. S. Bugge thought it meaningless, perhaps magical. — See Foren. til Norske

Fortidsmaerkers Bevaring, Arsber. for 1886, Kristiania 1887, Plate j, fig. 14.



2} 7. Odense, Fyen, Denmark. The later runes. On a leaden tablet, only

about 2^8 inches long by iVs deep. Found in i88j in the old churchyard of

St. Knut. Bears Danish words, but also Latin staves, expressing the thanks of the

Priest who had buried and blest her, for the repose of the noble lady ASA in whose

tomb he laid it, for her great benefactions to the Church and Christ's poor. Date

ab. A. D. 1000—1050. When found, it was folded to i-third of its real size, but

after gradual warming was opend unhurt. It now showd 8 lines in the later staves

and 2 lines in Latin in the Danish language, the Fyen dialect. See as to such very

small grave- memorials my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. J94— 395, Vol. 2, p. 865. The

good Priest's promise of celestial reward was founded on Our Lord's own words in

S. Mathew, ch. 19, v. 29. — See ArbOger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, KjObenhavn 1885,

for text and engravings; and also, shortend, but with the same illustrations, in

English, Memoires des Antiquaires du Nord, Copenhague 1888.



238. Orstad, Stavanger, Norway. The old runes. Date about A. D. 400—

500. Found inside a grave-kist in 1855. A stone block. — To HILIGjE SjERELU

carvd. He hath rest here. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 258; Vol. 3, p. 99; 4*"*

Hdbk. p. 61.



239. Brunsgaard, Nylarsker, Bornholm, Denmark. The later runes. Near

the shore, where the deceast chief had perisht. A stone block. KITELBARN, the

B given by %, Communicated by P. Hauberg in 1880. Will be given by me in

my O. N. Run. Mon. folio. Vol. 4. Cannot be further dated.



240. Ostensjo, Norway. The older and later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1300.

Says: Here rests lASPlR KALFSUN &c. A vaulted grave. See Foren. til Norske

Fortidsm. Bevaring, 1888, Kristiania 1889, p. 47.



241. Ostensjo, Norway. The older and later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1300.

A vaulted grave. Same work, p. 48.



242. Overchurch, Cheshire, England. Found as building-material in the 12th

Century Church. Date ab. A. D. 600—700. A grave -stone raizd to the deceast







9*







68 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



Chieftain by his family and retainers or military henchmen. The old runes. — Will

appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. folio, Vol. 4.



24}. Oye, Norway. The later runes. Here resteth fiORER, mother EIRIX

Prest, Pater Noster. — See Nicolaysen, Fortekning for 1866. Kristiania 1867, p. 101.



244. RSdene, W. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Formula of the

Builder. RANI Last kara stin pcenna a BATAR, fapur sin. — See Liljegren, Run-

urkunder, No. 1562, p. 175. Cannot be further dated.



245. Rafnkelsstade, Iceland. The later runes. The name of the dead chief,

FIFILA. Cannot be further dated. See F. Magnusen, Runamo, p. 561, and Kr. Ka-

lund, in Aarbdger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, p. loj.



246. Raudland, Thelemark, Norway. The later runes. Above the door-

frame of the homestead. — pIRKIUTR FIFIL me gared (made). Cannot be further

dated. — See Nicolaysen, Fortekning for i860, Kristiania 1861, p. ji; and his »Kunst

og Haandverk fra Norges forntid«. Part 2, folio, Kristiania 1888, Plate VII.



247. Raudland, Thelemarken, Norway. The later runes. Date ab. A. D.

IJ25. - HAKI BEANARSUN owns me.SU/EN &c. made me. — See O. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. I, p. 294.



248. Rike, Norway. The later runes. In a wooden shield with iron fittings

and boss. The owner's name: KUNAR KIRMM (= KIRM mik), IKHL (reverst L)

ma mik. — Cannot be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger, p. 259.



249. Ringerike, Norway. The later runes. Boundary -mark. Raizd by

AMUND ORMSTAINSSON. Cannot be further dated. ~ See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 2018, p. 240.



250. R5k, East Gotland, Sweden. A monolith bearing more than 770

O. Northern and later runes. 1 mention this here, as it is in fact a Book in stone.

Date about the 9th yearhundred. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 41 and fol.; 4***

Hdbk. p. 41 and fol. A very long inscription. 1 give only one extract as a specimen:

We saw and remember thou that: Where in gore-fight booty's Warin (— hero, WAMUfoJ,

two where he battled on, with twelve his, war -spoils, gained. Thane of Glory, from

NoumCs seamen. That sawwe next: Where he-swept, with-nine war-bands on the north-

a)a.st with me; to the Hraith- Goths added he fresh-rule, that mighty-one on Ub's acre

( - the Ocean). Swayed illustrious, he the -daring prince of deck -braves, the -strand of

Hraith-mere. Sittetli-he now ready-cquipt by-war-steed his, with-shield tight-belted, that-lord

n/the-Marings. His-rest, so, takethhe-in-his-Galley.



251. ROmesfjeld, Aafjord, Norway. The old runes. On two teeth of the

Narwhale, hidden under a rock. On the one, the owner's name, K/ETIL A. Kdetil

owns this. Date about the 9th century, A. D. See Foreningen til Norske Mindes-

nurrker.s Bcvaring. Kristiania 1881, p. 227; 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j. p. 411.



252. Rdmesfjeld, Norway. The Old runes. On a Walrus-ivory tusk. The

owner's name: OSSK. Date about the 9th century A. D. See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. }, p. 411 ; 4»° Hdbk. p. 24J.



25}. Runsten, Oland, Sweden. The later runes and also some Latin staves.

In the Church-book. — Whoever reads this, this is RUNSTEN iSrc: Ion made me. —

See Ahlqvist, Oland, Vol. 2, p. 261. Cannot be further dated.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 69



254. Runsten's Church, Oland, Sweden. In a Massbook printed in 1541

A. D. The later runes. Also some Latin words in the later staves.



255. Runsten's Church, Oland, Sweden. On the wall of the same Church.

The later runes. Dated A. D. 1541.



256. Saeding, N. Jutland, Denmark. On the northern outside of the Church.

The later runes. Date about the 12th century A. D. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1,

p. J5I ; 4«*>Hdbk. p. 104.



257. Saint Rule's Chapel, St. Andrews, Scotland. The later runes. Two

ristings outside an upper wall. SSAINR RULR, cut boldly and deeply. Date about

the year 1200 A. D. The SS is to express the Keltic pronunciation. Found by

R. Carr, and forwarded by him to me in Dec. 1865.



258. Sealand, Denmark. On the one side of an Ivory Diptych, not an inch

high and not half an inch where broadest. The later runes. Date about A. D. 900.

Found in a turf- moss. Is now in the Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station,

SmSland, Sweden.



259. SeljO, Norway. The later runes. In Bergen Museum. Copied by

myself in 1881. -- KRISTR HI ALB OS U/EL Cannot be further dated.



260. Selft Closter- ruins. The later runes. On a granite pillar now LOST.

All left is: M,SII —? Maria. See Christie's Additions to KlUwer's Norske Mindes-

maerker, a Ms. in Bergen Museum. Cannot be further dated.



261. Sigdal, Aggershus, Norway. The old runes. Date ab. A. D. 400—500.

Is in the Christiania Forn-hall. — MIRIL^ rests here, in this hero-grave. — See 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 271 ; Vol. 2, p. 841 ; Vol. 3, p. 100; 4*9 Hdbk. p. 64.



262. Sigreip, Vamblingbo, Gotland. Tha later runes. On a gate-post.

LOST. See Carl Save, Gotlandske Minnesmaerker, No. 189. OLAFR LUfiR GIARftl

US. See Carl Save, No. 189; Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 1858, p. 215.



263. Sweden. Runic Ell- measure. The later staves. I copy from my 0. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 220: »I have also seen a Brass Swedish Ell-measure, from about

the end of the i8th century, bearing the Runic Calendar*.



264. Sweden. Runic Fans. From same book and page. The later runes:

»In my own Museum is a Fan, of about the year 1800, a unique impression of 2

copper plates, one for each side, colored, showing the Runic Calendar, with several

sentences also in Runes. When I was in Stockholm in July 1877, Herr Bukowski,

the esteemed dealer in Antiquities, showed me an impression (of course not colored)

from copper plates he had bought at an auction, intended for a Fan, and bearing

the Runic Calendar. On examination, these proved to be the same as the one I had,

colored and mounted as a Fan. Engraved Fans apparently first spring up in France

in the i6th and 17th centuries. Some were plain, others colored. They were

imitated in Stockholm in the 18th century. But such things as Runic Tobacco-boxes

and Fans presuppose a large public behind, who desired and used them.«



265. Sweden. Runic Tobacco-boxes. From same book and page. The

later runes: »I may here mention another proof of the popular persistence of Runes

and especially of the Runic Calendar in Sweden, in the remarkable fact that when

the well-known Dutch Brass Tobacco-boxes were manufactured in Holland, and







^0 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



afterwards imitated elsewhere, their fabrication was also carried out in Sweden

in the i8th and 19th centuries. Two types of these Swedish Brass Tobacco-

boxes bear the Runic Calendar, but with Latin letters instead of Runes (»Run-

slafwen Forswenskad«); both are made in Stockholm, one of them is dated 1787, the

other 181 2. «



266. England. In course of time the runes fell away, and were regarded

as olden mystic and mysterious characters. The word RUNISCH is so employd in

the 14th century, by the gifted author of »Alliterative Poems«. He says that

Belshazzar was:



»Ay biholdand l)e honde til hit hade al grauen



& raped on the roz woze runisch saues«.



Aye beholding the hand, till it had all graven



and raspt on the rough wall RUNISH saws.

See >»Early English Alliterative Poems, in the West-Midland Dialect*. Edited by

R. Morris. Early English Text Society, London 1864, p. 81.



267. Ska-ang, Sddermanland, Sweden. The old runes. Date about A. D.

200—300. The central risting, discoverd by Riksantiquary Hildebrand in 1867, says:

May-H/ERING aye enjoy his -resting- place. This stone is twi-writ (a palimpsest), the

only one in Sweden. The later staves, in snake-winds round the edge, say:

SKANMALS eke OLAUF let make these marks (= runes) after their father. — See

0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 887; Vol. 3, p. 23; 4»°Hdbk. p. 5.



268. Skane, Denmark. On Parchment. The later runes. This Skine-Law

date ab. 1260 -1280 A. D. .fills no fewer than 200 pages in 8vo; in Part i (A) 164;

in Part 2 (B) 36 such pages. The latter contains the King- lists, whore date is ab.

A. D. 1300— 1 3 10. Publisht in KjObenhavn in 1877.



269. Skane, Denmark. Same codex and runes. Date ab. A. D. 1300 -ij 10.

The beginning of a Danish song, with musical notes on 4 lines.



270. Skarkind, E. Gotland, Sweden. The old runes. Date ab. A. D. 200 —

300. SCIfi^ leuwoB, SKITH's grave-how. Found in 1876, by C. F. NordenskjOld. —

See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 26; 4»oHdbk. p. 7.



271. SkatelM Church, Smaland, Sweden. The later runes. In the old

Churchyard, on a lying slab. Copied by myself. Incorrectly given in Liljegren, in

his Runurkunder, No. 1908, p. 221. Date ab. A. D. 1000— 1 100. BOSI, TIHU, per

kefrpuj pfita merki ejft BOSI TAHESUN [here] til SKATMANSLEF kerkiu. Thus we

see BOSI TAHESUN was then priest (here) of Skatel5f Church, and that its oldest

name was SKATMANSLEF.



272. Skjaeberg, Norway. The later runes. The formula of the builder.

This house is dedicated to our Lord and to His Mother, and PER EPOSTOLA (= the

Apostle Peter). This stone made BOTOLF stone -master. — See Nicolaysen, Norske

Fornlevninger, p. 4.



273. Skjaeberg, Norway. The later runes. On the flat rock. Found by

Adjunct M. Arnesen in 1872, who sent me a copy. STINAR fell on his nose. This

humorous risting cannot be further dated.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 7 1



274. Slesvig Cathedral, S. Jutland, Denmark. A copy in my Collections.

The later runes. Bears: /EFLI me [fjecit. Cannot be further dated.



275. Slesvig, Denmark. The later runes. Ikiu UULLFS, The border- mark

of Wulf, Cannot be further dated. — See F. Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, 4^^

KjObenhavn 1841, p. 479.



276. Smaland, S. MOre HSrad, Sweden. Over ^o names or runes, in

the later staves, scribbled on the church -door. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 2977, p. 265.



277. Sogndal, Norway. The later runes. A Boundary -mark. King OLAF

sat between these stones. Cannot be further dated. See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 2020, p. 240.



278. Solen, Norway. A broken stone. The later runes. No complete

word can now be redd. Letter from A. Lorange, Bergen, 1880. Cannot be

further dated.



279. SonstebO, Norway. The later runes. Pair FINR and SKOFT raizd

this stone when they divided their lands. SAONER UALA. A Boundary -mark -stone.

See Nicolaysen, Foreningen til Norske Fornmindes Bevaring, Christiania 1857, p. 27,

and Part i, Christiania 1862, p. 99. Cannot be further dated.



280. SdrbO, Norway. The later runes. Mentiond in my Collections. fiUR-

MUpR and RURKAR NUIfo SU sian &c. Cannot be further dated.



281. Sproge, Gotland, Sweden. Brought from Urgude. The later runes.

SIHRAIFR made, lOHAN let make; KUfiARFAR let make this wall &c. Pray &c.

This stone is since carried to Thomasarfve stead. Dated A. D. 1514. Carl Save,

Gotland's Runinskrifter, No. 147, p. 48; Liljegren, Runurkunder No. 1855, p. 214.



282. Stavanger, Norway. The later runes. The stone bears: EllL fapur.

Cannot be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger, p. 795.



283. Stenstad, Holden, Norway. The old runes. A not large roundish stone

found in 1781 inside a Cairm, and sent over to Denmark as a gift to the Danish

prince Frederik. Is now at Jaegerspris. Date about the 5th yearhundred A. D.

Bears: IGING ON (= of) H^LI owns this grave, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. 254; Vol. 2, p. 839; Vol. J, p. 78; 4*° Hdbk. p. 52.



284. Stentofte, Bleking, Sweden. Date about the 7th yearhundred A. D.

Seems to say : Aye shall they have lustre on the fresh floor of their tumulus, H/ETHU-

WOLyEFA G^EFING and H^RIWOLF MyE, - See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. i,

p. 167; Vol. J, p. J4; 4**» Handbook p. 25.



285. Stenvik, StjOrdalen, Norway. On a stone found in a gravemound.



•



The old runes. LOST. — See »FaBdrelandet«, KjObenhavn, Sept. 6, 1870.



286. St5ren Church, Tronyem, Norway. The later runes. A high Cross-

shaped leaden tablet, 2V1 feet long, with a center slip of ij inches. Only a word

or two now left. A copy by the Parish Priest Bull, made in 181 1, is in my Collec-

tions. Cannot be further dated. See under Leaden Tablets, for other such inscrip-

tions on lead,



287. Strand, Ryfylke, Norway. The old runes, reverst, redd from below

upward. Date about the jrd yearhundred A. D. To H/EDUL/EICAU aye the terror







72 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



of the coasts AND buried him with his kin. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 45?;

4»°Hdbk. p. 2j8.



288. Strand, Hallingdal, Norway. Only a fragment of a rune-stone. The

rest LOST. See Nicolaysen, Foreningen til Norske Fornlevningers Bevaring, Kristiania

1868, p. J2I. Cannot be further dated.



289. Strandebarm, Bergenhus, Norway. The later runes. All left is: A

UILIR . . . GARTUR OMMUNOR. - See same work, p. j68. Cannot be further dated.



290. Strandebarm, Bergenhus, Norway. The later runes. Came to the

Bergen Museum in 1835. - OSTAINI IfifiyES KIR^EN ISTjEIN SKOLTIL/ES,

Found in the Church-fence. Copied by me in 1881. Cannot be further dated.



291. Strandebarm, Bergenhus, Norway. Nearly jo old runes, reverst, redd

from above downwards, and difficult to translate. The first word is ORpLI. A

photograph is in my collections. Cannot be further dated.



292. Strykkemarke Church, Lolland, Denmark. The later runes. A small

hollow of lead, about 2 inches long by Vs of an inch deep. Found deposited as a

Reliquary in the Altar. It containd the written name of the Holy- lave inside. —

AlPISKOPUS GISIKO. The Bishop here commemorated thus consecrated the Altar

as Bishop of Odense in Fyen between A. D. 1286 and noo, and this will be the date of

the Reliquary. It is engraved, full size, in Antiqvarisk Tidskrift, KjGbenhavn 1845, p. 222.



29 J. Sweden. A bone or wooden Cavel. Date about A. D. 800—850. —

See Liljegren, Run-lara, p. 57; Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, Vol. i, p. 448. »Cum

Uteris regia manu, more ipsorum deformatis ad serenissimum reuersi sunt Augustum«.

Remberty Vita Ansgari. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, Vol. 1, p. 449. Magnum hisce

Remberti verba robur addit Alphabetum illud vetus & vere Runicum, qvod Hrabanus

Maurus quidem Seculi IX Scripta nobis consentirent. Verba Hrabani .... Litterasf

qvas utuntur Marcomanni, qvos nos. Nordmannos vocamus . . . Danos & Septentrionis

nostri populos.«



294. Sweden. The later runes, where still uzd, were abolisht by Olaf SkOt-

konung, ab. A. D. 1018. — See 01. Worm, Literatura Runica, Hafniae 1651, p. 154.



295. Sweden. Archbishop Olaus Magnus tells us, that the Swedes cut Rune-

staves (the later runes) on the bark of trees. Date ab. A. D. 1 500—50.



296. Sweden. Runic Calendar. The later runes. The stone now at

Dagsnas, Sweden. The maker's name. BIORN. Cannot be further dated. See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 271 j, p. 259.



297. Sweden. Runic letter-writing. The later runes. Mentiond in my

Collections. Dated 1547.



298. Sweden. Runic letter-writing. In later runes and also Latin letters,

freely intermixt. Mentiond in my Collections. Dated 1551.



299. Sweden. A rune-stone, the later staves, raizd by his widow to

J. HADORPH on his death July 12th \6q]. Folio. Is followd by a poem in

Swedish. Is in my Collections.



300. A stone, Sweden, raizd by P. SALAN, on the death of ULRICA

ELEANOR, queen of Sweden, 26 July 1693, followd by a poem in Swedish. Folio,

is in my Collections.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 7 J



joi. Sweden. The later runes. Engraved on the grave-shield of PETRUS

GERINGIUS, who died the joth of March 1729, by J. G. HALLMAN. Folio. Is

in my Collections.



}02. Sweden. The later runes. Engraved on the Shield of Prince Gustavus,

the 1 6th of April 1685. Folio. Is in my Collections.



JO J. Sweden. The later runes. Engraved on the death -shield of STENO

BIELKE, on his death in 1684, aged 61, by J. PERINGER. Also with Latin staves.

Folio. Is in my Collections.



J04. Sweden. Boundary -line between Sweden and Denmark. The later

runes. The agreement was between EMUND 2 SLEMME, ab. 960, and SVEN

TIUGUSKIiEG of Denmark. See Svenskt Diplomatarium, 4^^ Vol. i, p. 28 and fol.



305. Sweden. The later runes. The last portion of a long Dialogue between

the Virgin and S. John, on the death of Christ. On Vellum. Old Swedish-Sa

leaves, small size, dated ab. A. D. ijoo. First publisht by PeringskOld.



J06. Sweden. Olaus Magnus (Lib. i , Cap. j6) speaks of Runic Mss. at

Skara and Upsala Cathedrals. They are now apparently LOST, and cannot be

further dated.



307. Sweden. The later runes. Vellum Codex. A long prayer, with a red

stroke where the reader is to make the sign of the Cross. Cannot be further dated.

See Liljegren, Run-Iara, p. 145.



J08. Sweden. A wooden Cavel. On a balk. The later runes. So told by

Rudbeck in his Atlas, j, p. 58. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Run-

Idra, p. 183.



J09. Sweden. Rune-stave, Vellum Ms., 14 leaves. Then follow 5 pages of

prayers from Saint Birgit's Revelations, in Roman letters. Was already written in

1 44 1, but is older. Bought by the Chamberlain L. F. RSaf in East Gotland. — See

Liljegren, Runurkunder, No. 2825, P- 268.



JIG. Sylling, Norway. The later runes. A letter from Fritzner, in 1879,

says the stone is lost. — SAILG/ERfoIR rests here . God keep thee . ASLAKR carvd me.

Valuable for the very old g. s. m. UNA, of thee. Cannot be further dated. See

O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 794.



J 1 1. Tanem, Klaebo, Norway. The old runes. MjENPS LOW (grave-

mound). Cannot be further dated. See O. N. Run. Mon. Vol i, p. 116; 4*°

Hdbk. p. 73.



J 1 2. Tanger's haug, Norway. The later runes. URRITyO stin pinsi, iftir

AL &c. Cannot be further dated. Mentiond in my Collections.



J I J. Tanum, Bohuslan, Sweden. The old runes. Found in the beginning

of this century. Reverst runes. The death-pillar of THR/EWING. — See 0. N. Run.

Men. Vol. I, p. XXVII and p. 196; Vol. 2, p. 875, 976; 4*° Handbook p. j.



J 14. Thames Fitting, England. Of bronze, once gilt, and ends with a

Dragon*s head. Dredged out of the Thames in 1866, and bought by the British

Museum. It has belongd to a Shrine or Casket. Greatest length 7V4 inches, by

nearly half an inch deep. — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 3, p. 204; 4*" Hdbk. p. 147.

— Here ION AS asks to be cast into the deep. Date ab. the 8th yearhundred A. D.







10







74 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE.



J 1 5. Thisted, N. Jutland, Denmark. A Christian slab. Date about the 12th

century A. D. — THOR/E, TAD'S SON, rests here. The later runes. — See O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. i, p. 355; Vol. j, p. 147; 4»°Hdbk. p. 105.



J 1 6. Thorsgard, Tiller, Norway. The old runes. In 1870 the stone

was destroyd by the finder. Cannot be further dated. — See O. N. Run. Mon.

4»«> Hdbk. p. 74.



J 1 7. Thuv, Norway. The later runes. Says: HAILKI raizd stone this after

KAITIL his brother , FAK. Cannot be further dated. A copy in my Collections.



J 1 8. Timmelhed, W. Gotland, Sweden. But the stone was taken to

Dagsnas. The later runes. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 1410, p. 159.



J 19. Tind Church, Bradsberg, Norway. Carvd on the doorpost; 2 lines of

the later runes, redd from below upwards. They commemorate the consecration of

the building by RAGNAR, Bishop of Hammer. He was the jrd bishop of Hammer,

from 1 1 80 to 1 190, and we thus get a nearly exact date. See the engraving of the

door, and Dahl's remarks, in his folio: »Male einer sehr ausgebildeten Holzbaukunst

aus den frUhesten Jahrhunderten in den innern landschaften Norwegensc. Folio.

Dresden 1837, Nachtrag p. j.



J 20. Tingvold, Norway. The later runes. In the Quire of the church.

Date ab. A. D. 1200. The formula of the builder. / pray you for God's sake &c.

But my name is GUNNAR &c. Cannot be further dated. First copied by Bure in

1622; and see Nicolaysen, p. 555.



321. Tingvold Church, Norway. The later runes. Name of the Builder,

UILHIALMR. Cannot be further dated. — See 01. Worm, Antiq. Danicae, p. 56.



322. Tinn, Norway. The later runes. Date ab. A. D. 1185. — RANNAR,

bishop, consecrated this Church, and several men followd him, and he cut these runes.

See P. A. Munch, Norsk Tidskrift for Videnskab, p. 40; and Dahl, Denkmale, folio,

Dresden 1837, Nachtrag, plate 7.



323. Torpa Church -wall, E. Gotland, Sweden. The later runes. Bears:

IO/jU SIKI an pais KIR(KU). SIGGE was the builder of this church. Date ab.

A. D. 1000. See my article hereon, with an engraving, in ^National-Tidendet,

KjObenhavn, Feb. 22, 1874, p. 207. The stone is 2 feet high by 16 inches broad.

A drawing, full size, by Count Hermelin, is in my Collections, made in 1870. Carvd

on the one side is a Woman riding on a Lion (Christ defending His Church); on the

other side a Man and a Woman (Christ and His Church).



324. Torpe, Norway. On a squared stone in the south wall. — petta hus

er vigd drottini varom ok modur hans Maria ok Petre postola, this house is dedicated to

Our Lord and His mother Maria and to the apostle Peter. The later runes. Cannot

be further dated. See Nicolaysen, Norske Fornlevninger, p. 4.



325. Torpe, Norway. Arendt's reading was: Steinn penna gerdi BOTOLF

steinmeistari. The later runes. Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 4. The

Al Church - risting is by the same BOTOLF. Same book, p. 4. Cannot be

further dated.







XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. 75



J 26. Tossog, Norway. On a stone. UN, and other bind -runes. Cannot

be further dated. — See F. Magnusen, Runamo og Runerne, 4*°, KjObenhavn

1841, p. 200.



J 27. Tjore, Norway. The later runes. Copied by myself in Bergen, in

1 88 1. ARTIpI TAHR BIARNAR SUNAR &c See drawing in Undsets Tronyem

stones, 4***, Plate 16, No. 2. Cannot be further dated.



328. Tomstad, Mandal, Norway. The old runes. Date ab. the 6th century

A. D. Reads from the right downwards, in retrograde staves. Found in 1852. —

(PaceWiEN carvd to W/ERU, — See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 264; Vol. 2, p. 841;

4«o Hdbk. p. 69.



329. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. ION erkibys(kup) gaf panna stain &c.;

her huilir &c. The later runes. Date about A. D. 1282, in which year the Arch-

bishop died. This is a palimpsest stone. It bears a later Danish epitaph over a

lady who died in 16 10. See Nicolaysen, Foren. for Norske Forntids &c. bevaring,

Christiania 1857, p. 40.



no. Tronyem Cathedral. MARIA, The later runes. See J. Undset, Ind-

skrifter fra middelalderen i Throndhjems domkirke, 1888, Christiania, p. 9. Cannot

be further dated.



jji. Tronyem Cathedral. The later runes. SlGURpR. Same work, p. 9.

Cannot be further dated.



332. Tronyem Cathedral. — The later runes. AMUDE han riste mik,Gup

sihni Cannot be further dated. Same work, p. 10.



333. Tronyem Cathedral. The later runes. Gup ok hin hicelgi OLAFR,

kongr, hialpi pceim mane er pesar runar rceist mepr sina hailighu arnapar orpe . . . ?

Date ab. the 14th century A. D. — Prof. K. Rygh, Norsk Aarsberetning for 1873,

p. 49; and Undset p. 13.



334. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. Kup kaeti pina RUNNFR

(=^ RUNNOLFR) SIKMUNTAR SON, nu ok iafnan (now and always). Same work

p. 14. Cannot be further dated.



335. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. (G)Up taki sal KETILLS,

Cannot be further dated. Same work p. 15.



336. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. pORUALR SIGURpR

Ristit runor pesa. Same work, p. 10. Cannot be further dated.



337. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. Mik ler SKEGGI firir

heit, My name is SKEGGI, Cannot be further dated. Nicolaysen, p. 586.



338. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. AMUNTI. Cannot be

further dated. Nicolaysen p. 17.



339. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. The later runes. UILHIALMR, Cannot

be further dated. Same work p. 56.



340. Vatnsfjord, Iceland. A Lavatorium of bronze. Formula of gift to the

Church by PORUALD and PORDIS, about A. D. 1224. Kalund, in his Bidrag,

Vol. I, p. 598, says it is false, which is a great mistake on his part. See Antiqvariske

Annaler, Vol. 4, p. 526, 616. — The later runes.



10*







76 XX. RUNIC LITERATURE. — RUNIC GRAFFITI AND SCRIBBLES.



J41. Whitby, Yorkshire, England. This has been given under THE HOME,

COMBS. But I repeat it here as it is so costly. It was found, among other refuse,

in the kitchen -midden of the old monastic family (house). The old runes echo the

prayer of the Cloister-folk: God bless us! God Almighty help our house. Date about

A. D. ()00— 6so. -— See 0. N. Run. Mon, Vol. ?, p. 180; 4«°Hdbk. p. 118.



^42. Hyby, Skane, Sweden. May 1894. Docent SOderberg informs me,

that the small stone, supposed to be an Amulet, found there in 1844 and spoken of

in Antiqvarisk Tidskrift for 186^, Kjdbenhavn, top of p. 206, was a forgery by the

then schoolmaster in Hyby.



?4?. Lund, SkSne, Sweden. In the same letter Docent Soderberg mentiond

that some years ago there was found near Lund the rib of a large animal; it is still

kept in the Lund Museum under his charge. It bears, in later runes BRITIA lARLA

FOL. which 1 permit my reader to translate.



;44. Vindlaus, Bratsberg, Nonvay. The later runes. Date ab. A. D. ijoo.

These ruru's cjrwi I'ISTELW Luck to him who cut them, and eke to him who reads

them. See Forening til Norske Fortidsmindesmaerkers bevaring for 1867, Kristiania

1 8o8, p. 04.



?4^. Winje, Bratsber^, Nonvay. The later runes. Carvd on 2 tall pieces of

the old Church-door. Copied by Arendt and myself. A long declaration by SIGURfi

to SrARIxL Date ab. A. D. 1200. Is (or was) in the Danish Museum.



^40. Visin^si^ Chunrh, Smaland, Sweden. The later runes. On the Iron

Har of the Church door. ASML'TAR karpi torar lafri. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No, 104:. p. ::o. Cannot be further dated.



;47. Norrviddinge, GSrdsby, Smaland. The later runes. On an Iron plate.

bo lios uari min smilr tiri pc milt(a) anta. Cannot be further dated. Same book.

No 1044. p. 2:0,



548. I'ppvidinge, Elghult, Smaland, Sweden. The later runes. KIRK pusui

HaK Rl pARSS. Same book. No. IQ4S, p. 226.



^0. \ordingborj;, Soaland. Denmark. The later runes. Date about the 7th

conturv A IV After AfilSL his father &c. Lower down: UI (= May Thur bless

thoso runoslV When removed to the Danish Museum this stone fell, and the letters

arc not now so clear as when my engraving was made. — See 0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. I. p. 5;^; Vol. 2, p,8s7; Vol. ^>, p. i?g; 4»« Hdbk. p. 96.



RUNIC GRAFFITI AND SCRIBBLES.



I. Thoso also belong to Literature, and we have many specimens of this

V lass ot Kockcarvin^is. Chief among them is the well-known group (which see under

MM'SIIOWK^ cut on tho walls of the old Picts-house Maeshowe, in the Orkneys.

i\iNtN woio ^onorouslv given to tho Danish Museum by the digger, James Farrer,

,uul \\u\ Niill bo studied there. The original inscriptions have sufferd much



tiom damp



* Harnspiko. Cumberland. England. The later runes. About 20 letters



svuhMoJ on a rock Cannot bo further dated. Communicated to me by Dr. W. L.







XX. RUNIC GRAFFITI AND SCRIBBLES. 77



Charlton, Reenes, Bellingham, Northumberland, in Feb. 1894. — See also the

Barnspike inscription dated A. D. iioo — 1169.



}. Bud, Aker5, Tronyem, Norway. — In »det Kongelige Norske Viden-

skabs Selskabs Skrifter«, Trondhjem 1892, p. 254. Adjunkt K. Lossius says that,

between Bud and Fagerviken, about 2 runes are carelessly cut in.



4. Hitardal, Myre, Iceland. A probably magical inscription, in reverst runes,

is described by F. Magnusen, in his Runamo og Runerne, p. 655. Cannot be

further dated.



5. Paradise cave, Iceland. Many old and later runic letters, scribbled in.

Cannot be further dated. Same book, p. 654.



6. Skane, Skjut, Sweden. A number of names scribbled in, on both sides

of the Church door. Cannot be further dated. — See Liljegren, Runurkunder,

No. 2978, p. 265.



7. Saint Molio's Cave, Holy Hand, Arran, Scotland. The later runes. A

Norwegian visitor's name. Date about the 10th century A. D. — See 0. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. }, p. }20, 414.



8. 9, 10, II, 12, 1}. A visitors name. Cannot be further dated.



14. lOAN cut his name. Cannot be further dated.



15. Tronyem Cathedral, Norway. Some of the ristings here are scribbles.

They cannot be further dated.







CHAPTER XXI.



BRACTEATES.







1 hese remarkable golden ornaments, so characteristic of Scando- Anglian art

in the Early Iron Age and later, even down to the time when the later runes had

come in, need not keep us long. They are abundantly figured and discust, often

with lengthy comments from every quarter, in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 2, p. 519;

Vol.} (see the Index for the pages); and 4**> Handbook p. 166 and fol. and p. 255.

The number there given bearing runes (the uninscribed are of course omitted) is 96.

Since then the list has swollen to 108, most of these additional ones found in Den-

mark. But of these runic stamps very many are DUPLICATES, and new such are

found from time to time. The whole group at this moment known in Public Museums

cannot be less than at least 250. This is besides what has gone to the meltingpot,

or which otherwise are lost or destroyd. — See RUNIC COINS.







Of these 2S0 golden blinks No. 7 (Nebenstedt, Danneberg, Hanover), No. 8,

0. 10 (Slesvig or Holstein), No. 22 (C5rlm or COslin), No. 81 (? Mechlenburg, Hanover),

;ind No, 0? (WapnO. Posen, Poland), or 8 taken together, have been found over the

horJn of the Danish Kingdom as WANDERERS. All the rest have turnd up in

Sc;uuii> Anglia.







CHAPTER XXII.



RUNIC COINS.







Ti







he earliest date of any Golden Bracteate is 1674, when 3 such were found

by a peasant at Waa in Skane, Sweden. See Joh. 0. Lindfors, Om Guldbracteater,

4*°, Lund 1846, p. 2. For this notice he refers to J. Scheffer, de Orbibus tribus

aureis &c. Holmiae 1675, 8vo.



Liljegren, in his Run-urkunder, Stockholm 1833, offers this whole subject the

space of 6 small lines in a note, and states that )>more than 20« such small pendants

were then known. The } of 1674 had swollen to say 25 in 18}}, or about 22 in

159 years, or about 7 per annum.



These blinks are often found many at once. Thus the rich Sletner find

(Norway, 1850) of Golden Rings and Ornaments containd 17, of which 5 were struck

from one die, 2 from another, and 2 from a third die. All had been probably uzd

as a Necklace. — See O. Rygh, Sletnerfundet (Vidensk. Selskabets Forhandlinger,

Christiania 1864).



Now from the 4th century to the 19th is 15 centuries. Divide 1500 by 7,

and we get 211 per annum.



And at any moment hoards may turn up, giving numbers of Duplicates of old

types, and many variants of new.



Now if all this could take place with regard to an exceptional ornament, it

would a hundred times more be the case as to the absolutely necessary rune-bearing

silver SHILLINGS struck in Scandinavia in the nth century. But 100 times 211 is

21,100. A thousand or two such runic monies are in public museums or private

collections, besides the heaps lost or buried and the many melted down in the olden

time, when there was no Treasure-Trove Law. — See BRACTEATES.







CHAPTER XXIII.



GOD-LORE (MYTHOLOGY).







O,







THE »CODEX RUNICUS*.







'ur heathen forefathers in Scando-Anglia wrote their annals and songs

and death-memorials and messages on hard materials, on stone or on wooden boards

or on cavels or bark or metal or what not. All the oldest literature in the Northern

lands was for centuries of this character, and even partly so continued, overlapping

the following (parchment) period.



For the religion of Christ by degrees began to find its way among them —

first in England as being nearest Christian Gaul and Italy, and then, by means of

British missionaries, to the lands of their kinsmen in Scandinavia. Slowly the new

faith spread, and by the year looo all the North was nominally Christian,



But this brought two results, first in the letters employd, and next in the

material on which the staves were written. The older runish alphabet gave way to

the later or shorter, and this to the still handier Roman A. B.C., now universal in

all the civilized south and west. Three letters, wanting in Latin (I», W and Y) were

added by the experts from the older stave- row. — And to the knife or needle or

hammer succeeded the pen, which coverd the sheet of skin with abiding ink.



In my Chapter XX, )»RUN1C LITERATURE*, 1 have mentiond several such

Pen-written runic chits or leaves or volumes, still existing; I also directed attention

to others, now LOST, but which existed in Scandian provinces some 2 or j centuries

ago. The hundreds once in circulation, but of which we have no record, I could

not add to the list. — It is in vain to speak of such runic vellums in England, as

they necessarily gave way to Roman letters at so very old a period.



Best known of all these runic leaves or books, is the volume formerly the

property of Olaf Worm, now in the Arna-magnaean Library in Kj5benhavn. A photo-

lith(){»raphic facsimile of the whole was issued by the Arna-magnaean Commission in

1S77. filling 2CH) 8vo pages. The ink of the text is black, that of the rubricks is red.

As ;)n Appendix to the Facsimile volume the late Prof. P. G. Thorsen printed an

interesting treatise (KjObenhavn, 8vo, 1877, pp. n?) »0m Runernes Brug til Skrift

udrnior det monumentale«. He here shows that this codex is in fact 2 separate

nuvmseiipts placed together, written by 2 distinct penmen the one about A D.







XXlll. COD-LOR tEMYTHOLOGY).







llibo— 80, the other about A. D. ijoo— 10. In the older some later paragraphs have

►een added, from about \\io down into the nth centurv', and later, also in runes.







H^DWt^IlH':'l^^'fR^^l^r;Hli|):^l^

iiHIH ; ; ; FyESTAR : MAN : ANDRUM :

lORp : AT : KOpAi : OK : UlL : M\ : WklDM : Ul-

PMR : HAN : BOT/E : HANUM : SIAHS : OR-

M : JELUER : SIATTM : MANS : El* : MMUER :

HAN : TIL : KORS : OK : UIL : HAN : Ml : HAL-

DJE : BOTJE : TUA : ORM : JELLMR : l>RII»IyE :

MANS : El> : pyETT^ : UlUyE : SUMMI : AT : LO-

HUM : HAF/E : UM : ANN^ER : S^EL : IORI» : S-

WJE : BORT : OK : SKOT^ER : OK : UIL : SIPAN :

DYLIyE : AT : HAN : SALOME : yEI : OK : yEI : SK-

OTyE : HAN : PA : MA : HAN : .ER : FIK : ALDRIH :

UARiE : UH>yER : U^ERN : FOR : yEN : HAN : HA-

FIR : FANGIT : LAHyE : HyEFI» : OFNA : 10-

RPJEN : l>iET : yER;E : l>RE : HALMyE : iEI : W) :



I have now. with great labor, brought together what is before the reader as

examples of my argument. Doubtless I have overiookt hundreds, but they must go

to strengthen my whole system. So we now come to that great question popularly

called GOD -LORE. There is no doubt that the German -Saxon folk-clans worshipt

the same Head-gods, THUNOR and WODEN and the like. But of the great epical

groups, as developt gradually by the Scando-Anglic Poets, they had little save the

Scando-Gothic legend of FAFNE and the Gold -hoard. These clusters of old tales,

which included all the chief Deities, were well-known by our foreelders as far back

as prehistoric history and tradition go. They meet us in Runic monuments from the

loth and nth and even the i2th centuries A. D., and new ones of the same mythic

character now and then turn up. Doubtless the persons mentiond on these runic

monoliths daimd descent from the great hero SIGURD (SIGFRID). I have never

heard of a single one car\-ing on a grave -slab of granite or wood or any other

material as having been found in any southern land. They are all in Scando-Anglia.



THE BOUND LOKE.



From Hexham Prion- Church, Northumbria, England.



Begun by WILFRID, about the middle of the jth centurj' A. D.. with the



help of the French and Roman workmen still left in Britain. He died in joq A. D.



In 875 ever>- part of the Monastery, except the stone-work, was destroyd by the



Danes. Here engraved JouhU' the' si:c\ from the woodcut No. 2. p. xxxiii, in Raines



The Priory of Hexham » Vol. 2, Surtees Society, Durham iSOn.



Several remarkable and astonishing variants are found in England, Denmark,

Nonvay, Normandy and elsewhere. Let us now shortly recapitulate the stor\', which

includes dll the chief Northern Gods. See Carl Save on the Ramsund and G5k and

West X'ersas stones in Sweden, Swedish Church-door posts at Gaulstad and Hyllestad.

and at Leeds in England bearing the WELAND episode, with the WALKYRIES &c.

We have these old Deities from about A. D. 700 down to the 12th and luh

centuries A. D.







RK (mythology).







«J







t. LdKt BOUND, Kirkby- Stephen stone. Westmoreland. England (O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 179).



2. BALDORS DEATH, where he is not a mechanical Christ, for he dies

at Arrows, not a natural death. (Ruth well-Cross words, O. N. Run. Mon. Vol. 1. P.4J1)-









THE BOUND LOVit. 71h







^ WODEN ON SLEIPNER, Habblingbo stone, Gotland, Sweden (O. N.

Run. Mon. Vol. 1, p. 224).



4. A WALKYRIE welcomes the fallen hero to Walhall (0. N. Run. Mon.

Vol. 2, p. 708).



5. The DEADLY GOLD-HOARD, where we have the whole group of

Northern Deities, Andvare. who bans and curses L6ke who had compelled him to give

up his last Jewel, the golden Ring, which the Dwarf ANDVARE holds up, as on

the Drdfle stone.







84 XXIII. GOD -LORE (mYTHOLOGY).



6. FAFNER already half a Dragon. Versas Door, Sweden.



7. SIGURD slays the Dragon, Drafle stone, Sweden, and the Nordenhov

block, Buskerud, Norway.



8. SIGURD hears the Hawks on the Tree, which warn him against the

false Regin.



9. GUNNAR harps in the Worm-pit. See the Lockne wooden Font, Jemt-

land, Sweden.



10. The DRAGON flies off with the Kemp and his horse. The Harg stone.

Upland, Sweden.



11. iEGIL'S House is stormd. — The Franks Casket.



12. L6k6 killed ODDER (Otter), HREIDMARS SON, who had taken the

shape of an Otter.



13. HREIDMAR forced the Gods to pay the boot, if they would spare L6ke

the loss of his head.



14. The Gods bid L()k6 get the sum, and to do so he seizes the dwarf

ANDVARE in the Andvare-foss, and takes from him the whole of his gold -treasure,

even his last Jewel, a Ring.



15. The dwarf ANDVARE holds up the Ring.



16. SIGURD gets the Horse GRANE and the sword GRAM.



17. REGIN is changed to a Dragon, and as such watches over the gold-heap.



18. SIGURD slays him with the sword GRAM.



19. REGIN, FAFNER'S brother, cuts the heart out of FAFNE.



20. REGIN eats of FAFNE'S heart, and thus is able to understand the song

of birds, which warn FAFNE that REGIN would betray him.



21. Another SIGURD monolith is mentiond in »Manadsbladet«, Stockholm,

1890, p. 85. This has also a third mansfigure, probably REGIN, which most likely

was also on the Drafle stone, which is broken ofl^ here.



22. REGIN, HREIDMARS SON. Here we see the Double -bellows, the

Hammer, the Anvil, the Tongs.



2}. GUNNAR harps in the Worm -pit with his feet, to lull the serpents.

So also on a ijth century Norse piece, and the Lockne wooden Font, Sweden, on

the 1st top medallion.



24. GUDRUN gives the warning Ring for GUNNAR and HOGNE. See

the Bride-(-hair, Hiterdal, Norway.



In this long list, to which other pieces might be added, I could not arrange

them in any precise order, they play so into each other. But I have never seen

any one such reference to the old lays and legends of this class in any German or

Siixon land. Should such exist, or hereafter be found, 1 shall be happy to make

them known, in case this work should ever reach a second edition. — One word,

WALKYUIK, has never been found in Denmark or Sweden, only in England

and Iceland.



I conclude by repeating here 2 grave-slabs from England, where Christianity

was youn^, datinj^ from about the 7th century A. D. The Christian teacher tells his

countrymen that their fore-fathers vvorshipt the Strongest, and this was Christ, who







IpunJshc the giant-fiend who had caused the death of Baldor, so THUR was their

tstrungcst God, but he could not slay the Midgarth-Worm He lifted his Hammer









LOKfi BOUND. COSFORTH CROSS, CUMBERLAND. Tih Ceniurr *. D.



■ould have smasht his head, but the Giant-demon swings his knife or axe. cuts

the line over, and the World-snake sinks back into the billows and escapes.

See this further explaind in >MeTnoires des Antiquaircs du Nord*. Copenhague

1884. p. J4.







-^ ^







86







XXIIt. GOD-LOBE (MYTHOLOGY).







I add. from the same English work*), p. 147 (21), the 7th century English

slab where we see LOKE punishi by the great Gods. He is bound hand and fool

on a sharp cliff. Bui we cannot see his wife, catching the poison with her cap,









liikE hound, gosk







CUMBERLAND, ylh Ceniurr A. D.







and pourinR It out when full. In the moment she is absent, his agony is so great,

thai "If" call it an Earthi)uake.







') Tlie Kn((li«li texi.



K|r>l>Cnl>, itHl. 4'







iippMrd in Aarbdger Tor Nordisk Oldkyndighed,







J







XXIII. COD -LORE ^MVTHOUKJYJ,







But in another English 7th century slab we see SIGYN with her Cup. This

is on ihe famous Gosforth Cross, a slab, 14 feet high, which has escaped the

perils of some 1200 years by its position. It stands in a far off lonely little -visited









out-of-the-way thinly peopled district. It bears no runes, but is richly coverd with

heathen Godlore uzd to preach Christ. Very striking is one sione picture here, where

HEIMDAL with his GJALL.AR-HORN summons the mighty ones to withstand the









foul armies who would ruin Walhall. Thus HEIMDAL is here CHRIST, waking up

all good forces to the lasl ftght against sin. Our pagan forefathers thus held fast ihe [

great thought, which sheds such mystic lustre on the Christian system, thai we men

have the wondrous privilege to be fellow-workers with God.



SIGYN is distinguisht by her long hair. The Serpent is visible but indistinct.

as the stone has sufferd at that spot.







I also give the remarkable stone in the He of Man. about the 12th century

A. D., copied from Kermode's plates (Catalogue of the Manx Crosses, 1892, p. 6

and 27), The carving on the left shows us REGIN, who eats of KAFNE'S heart.



The carving on the right gives LOKfi BOUND, with the Serpent lifted up

behind his head. All this long before Iceland was discoverd, and many centuries

before one word of the Eddas was written in Iceland.



In the North-English Durham Ritual (loth century codex) we have a couple

of curious passages as to the Devil uzd by Christ to rescue men from his tnouth,

and the Devil as the Malignant Midgarth-worm which THUK could not slay. See







^







XXT[I. COD- LORE (mYTHOLOGv). 89



p. 197, 198. — sv. . . ge . . , fade (= swiHe gesiofade), piet is divl, iy Iss nedvnga

genom crist menn of mvfle his, gemuit, id est diabolus, ne raperct Christus homines ex

ore suo. He, the Devil, ground, lest Christ should snatch men out of his mouth.









Engel (icet is crist, forSon gelxdde done fiond of fiissvm middangearde,

/tamum id est Christus, quia tulit inimicum ex hoc mundo. The fishing-hook, that is

Christ, who took away the foe from this world — for the death of Christ, brought

about by the Devil, became the salvation of men, and the fiend had toild in vain.







BETTERINGS.



Alphabets (Ch. I ). 22. England. This valuable stave-rime poem, in

which the Old-Enghsh runish Futhork is interwoven, is only known to us from

the copy pubhsht by G. Hickes, in his Thesaurus, Vol. i, p. 135. The date of

the leaf uzd by him was probably about A. D. 900. It perisht in tfie fire of

17;!. As a specimen of this long piece, which is in 29 stanzas, I give the

first ? lines, with a translation:



f byfl frofur fira gehwylcum,



sceal 8eah manna gehwylc miclun hyt daelan,



gif he wile for drihtne d6mes hleotan.



FEE gladdens mightily foremost and simple,



but let him shape and share it with others



who would dare to stand in the great last Doom!



2V A somewhat similar short and late Icelandic runic A. B. C, in the

Futhork order, the later staves, was printed by Olaf Worm in his Litteratura

Runica, p. o=» -07, from a Ms. in the University Library, KjQbenhavn. — I add

the first 2 lines, with a version:



f velldr fraenda r6gi;

faddist ulfur i sk6gi.

FEE with the kin wakes fight:

wolves far wander by night.



BALINC.EN, VVCRTEMBURG, GERMANY. A Silver Brooch. Date about

A. 1). =^ixv No. 1 in Chapter 14, »BROOCHES«.



BKZFNYE, HUNGARY, in the Museum, Hungarian Altenburg. 2 Silver

BroDches Both by the same artist. Date about the year 770 A. D. or a little later.



BRUNSGARD, NY LARSKER, BORNHOLM. DENMARK. No. 233 in the

Chiiptor RLKNIG LITERATURE*. The later runes. On a stone near the sea, where

KlfFl BARN had perisht. Cannot be further dated.



F.LFARKI). \V. GOTLAND, SWEDEN. On the Church Bell. Under



('.hjpter :. "f^KLLS .



KNi.KKS, IlKSSH-DARMSTADT, GERMANY. A BROOCH, now in the



WoiiiLs MuNOum. ' Uiuior Chapter 14. >BROOCHES..







BETTERINGS. 9 1



FRIEDBERG, SAXE-WEIMAR, GERMANY. — Date about 500-600 A. D.

Henning, 1889, pp. 115— 119. — A Silver Brooch.



HOLY ILAND, UNDISFARNE, NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND. Under

Chapteri8, »GRAVE-STONES«. j



KEITH, CAITHNESS, SCOTLAND. A Victory-stone. Unique. The 5 runes

belong to both Alphabets. — Under Chapter 17, »ODDS AND ENDS«, No. 21.



LANTEGLOS, CORNWALL, ENGLAND. North-English..? Date about A. D.

1000 — 1100. — Under Chapter 18, »GRAVE-STONES«, No. 176.



LUND, SKANE. a bone Bodkin, found in 1882. TOFANA SKEFNIK.

Found in a garden in Lund, with other refuse from the early middle age. — Under

Chapter 20, »RUNIC LITERATURE*, No. 177. A bone Comb. ARNKUN x KAF x

MMK X lAK . . . Chapter 1 5, »COMBS«, No. 2.



LUND, SKANE, SWEDEN. — Three other such Charm -rings have been

found i Lund and Jutland, the latter, in the later runes, unique. See Chapter 16,

»RINGS«, No. 16.



LHNDBY, JUTLAND, DENMARK. Under Chapter 12, »SWORDS«, No. 6.



LYSO-SOUND, TRONYEMS AMT. NORWAY. Under Chapter 18, »GRAVE-

STONES..



MYKENyE RUNIC DIADEM. Ch. 17, »ODDS AND ENDS«. — ist Inscrip-

tron 4th century before Christ. — 2nd Inscription 4th century after Christ. Will

appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon. Folio, Vol. 4.



ODEMOTLAND, JyEDEREN, STAVANGER, NORWAY. ? Date about A. D.

500 — 600. A Charm-song home to Norway from West Sweden. — Under Chapter 17,

.ODDS AND ENDSr.



. OPEDAL, HARDANGER. BERGENS STIFT, NORWAY. — Date about

A. D. 400. — Under Chapter 18, »GRAVE-STONES.<, No. 27.



OVER-CHURCH, WEST CHESHIRE, ENGLAND. Rescued in 1889. A

hog-back stone. Goes under Chapter 18, »GRAVE-STONES«.



UPPLID, SMALAND, SWEDEN. .? Date about A. D. 1000. SIKKUTR :

KIERI^O ... UIF : HUISI»UR : SUN . . .). Will appear in my 0. N. Run. Mon.

Folio, Vol. 4.



VEDELSPANG, DENMARK. — Date about 950—1000 A. D. The later

runes. — No. 167 in Chapter 18, » GRAVESTONES*.



VI MOSS RUNIC PLANE. See 0. N. Run. Mon. Vol. j, p. 124.



VISBY, GOTLAND. A Runish Plane, the later staves. See O. N. Run.

Mon. Vol. ?, p. 125.



WHITHORN, WIGTOWNSHIRE, GALLOWAY, SCOTLAND. Under

Chapter 5, »CROSSES«. — Date about 550—650, A. D. The old runes.







12*







WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.



Two Leaves of KING WALDERE'S LAY. a hitherto unknown Old -English

Epic of the 8th century From the originals of the 9th century. Roy. 8vo. Fine

paper, with 4 photographic facsimiles, 15 shillings. Common paper, no facsimiles,

7 sh. 6d.



THE OLD-NORTHERN RUNIC MONUMENTS OF SCANDINAVIA AND

ENGLAND, now first collected and deciphered. Folio. With Runic Alphabets and

hundreds of splendid Facsimiles and Illustrations. Vol. i, 1866—67; Vol. 2, 1867 — 68;

Vol. 3, 1884. Fifty Shillings each. — Vol. 4 is in preparation.



THE QUARTO HANDBOOK of the above, the 3 folio volumes comprest into

one 4*^ with all the 0. Northern Illustrations. Forty Shillings.



The following are now reduced to half the publishing price, and under:



QUEEN DAGMAR'S CROSS, with facsimile in gold and colors; now,

I shilling.



RUNEHALLEN I DET DANSKE OLDNORDISKE MUSEUM. Many Illustra-

tions; now, I shilling.



THE RUNIC HALL IN THE DANISH OLD-NORTHERN MUSEUM, Many

Illustrations; now, i shilling.



MACBETH, JARL SIWARD og DUNDEE, with an engraving. Now, 6 pence.



TORDNEREN THOR. With engravings; now 9 Pence.



STUDIES ON NORTHERN MYTHOLOGY. London 1883. Only 200 copies

printed. Two or three copies are still left.







INDEX.







Aggershus Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 26.



Akershus Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 1.



Akirlceby Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. i.



Akirkeby Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. i.



Alborg Runic Ochre-stone, Ch. 17, No. i.



Aldborough Runic Tway-staved stone, Ch. 1 j. No. 1.



Alphabets, the 21 Runic, Ch. 1, Nos. 1 — 21.



Alrum Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 2.



Angelstad Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 1.



Arrows Runic, Ch. 9, No. 1.



As Harad Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 3.



Astrup Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 11.



Bakewell Ruuic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 4.



Balingen Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. i.



Banda Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 64.



Bardlingbo Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 2.



Barse Runic Fonts, Ch. 8, Nos. 5—4.



Berga Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 5.



Bergen Runic Die, Ch. 7, No i.



Bewcastle Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. i.



Bilingual Runic Stones, Ch. ij, Nos. 1—7.



Bingley Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 5.



Bladinge Runic Font, Ch.8, No. 6.



Bo Runic Gravestone, Ch. i5. No. 6.



Bondarfve Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 2.



Bore Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 7.



Bomholm Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 2.



Bracteates, Runic, Ch. 17, No. 9.



Bratsberg Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 8.



Bredem Runic Horn, Ch. 17, No. 2.



Bregninge Runic Censer, Gh. 4, No. 1.



Bridekirk Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 7.



Bromsg^rd Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 9.



Brondum Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 8.



Brooches, Runic, Ch. 14, Nos. i — 15.



Bunsnaes Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 2.



Burseryd Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. y



Butle Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 61.



Buzcu Runic Ring. Ch. 16, No. 3.



Capcluchy Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 10.







Caskets, Runic, Ch. 3, Nos. i — j.



Censers, Runic, Ch. 4, Nos. 1—25.



Charnay Runic Alphabet, Ch. i, No. 20.



Charnay Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 2.



Chessell Down Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. i.



Cleobury Runic Dial, Ch. 6, No. i.



Collingham Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. j.



Combs, Runic, Ch. 15, Nos. 1—7.



Coquet Hand Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 4.



Coriin Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 5.



Cramond Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 6.



Cross Kirk Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 11.



Crosses, Runic, Ch. 5. Nos. 1 — 39.



Crowie Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No 12.



Dalby Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 7.



Delsbo Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 8.



Denmark, Runic Censers, Ch. 4, Nos. 1-21, 2}



Denmark, Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 4.



Dewsbury Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 5.



Dials, Runic, Ch. 6, Nos. 1--5.



Dies, Runic, Ch. 7, Nos. 1 — 6.



Dover Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 6.



Dref Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 4.



Dunegird Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 9.



Dunegird Runic Spoon, Ch. 17, No. 3.



Edstone Runie Dial, Ch. 6, No. 2.



Einang Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 1;.



Elgesem Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 14.



Ems Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 3.



England, Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 4.



England, Runic Casket, Ch. ^, No. 1.



England, Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 10.



England. Runic Coin, Ch. 17, No. 8.



Erga Runic Horn Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 1.



Etelhem Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 5.



FSborg Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 7.



Falstone Runic Bilingual stone, Ch. 1;, No. 2.



Findd Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 9.



Finnekumla Runic Font, Ch.8, No. 11.



Florence Runic Horn, Ch. 17, No. 20.







-25.







94







INDEX.







Fonnis Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 6.



Fonts, Runic, Ch. 8, Nos. 1 — 26.



Franks Casket, Runic, Ch. 3, No. 2.



Frederiksberg Runic Amulet, Ch. 17, No. 4.



Frederiksberg Runic Die, Ch. 7, No. 2.



Freerslev Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 15.



Freilanbersheim Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 7.



Frohaug Runic Figure, Ch. 17, No. 5.



Frojel Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 78, 79.



Fyen Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 17.



Gammelgarn Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 59.



Garde Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 80.



Gilton Ash Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 2.



Gjerpen Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 5.



Gjording Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 13.



Glostrup Runic Amulet, Ch. 17, No. 10.



Gotland Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 65.



Gotland Runic Plane, Ch. 20, No. 66.



Gravestones, Runic, Ch. 18. Nos. 1 — 175.



Greenmount Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. }.



Grund Runic Alphabet, Ch. i, No. 8.



Gudhem Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 22.



Giiring Runic Commune Seal, Cn. 17, No. 11.



Hairpin, Runic, Ch. 17, No. 16.



Halla Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 60.



Heide Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 6.



Heide Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 69— 72. ■



Hesselager Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 18.



Himlingoie Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 8.



Hoddum Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 7.



Holmen Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 7.



Hor Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 12.



Horn, Runic, Ch. 17, No. 20.



Horsens Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 9.



Hosmo Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 1 j.



Hvaloer Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 8.



Hyby Runic Amulet-stone, Ch. 17, No. 12.



Istaby Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 16.



Jessegird Runic Alphabet, Ch. i. No. 18.



Jondal Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 9.



Jutland Runic Hammer, Ch. 9, No. 2.



Jyderup Runic Die, Ch. 7, No. ].



Kakind Rnnic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 17.



Kareby Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 14.



Kirkdale Runic Crosses, Ch. 5, Nos. 8 and 9.



Kirkdale Runic Dial, Ch. 6, No. 3.



Kjobenhavn Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 14.



Klinte Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 73 — 77.



KorsodegSrd Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 4.



Kovel Runic Spear, Ch. 11, No. i.



Kracklinge Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 48.



Kragehul Runic Spear, Ch. 11, No. 2.



Kragehul Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 5.



Kuling Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 2?.



Kullerup Runic Censer, Ch 4, No. 19.



Kunnungsburgh Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 18, 19.







I Leaden Runic Amulets, Ch. 17, No 15.

Lilla Harrie Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. i«|.

Lilla Harrie Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 20.

Lina Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 57.

Lincoln Runic Comb, Ch. 15, No i.

Lindisfarne Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. lo.

Lista Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 15.

Lonborg Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 16.

Lovenes Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 19.

Lund Runic bone Comb, Ch. 15, No. 2.

Lund Runic Ivory Comb, Ch. 15, No. }.

Lund Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 16.

Lundby Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 6.

Lunde, Fyen, Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 20.

Lunde, Jutland, Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 21.

Lundskov Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 17.

Maglekilde Runic Die, Ch. 7, No. 4.

Maglekilde Runic Amulet, Ch. 17, No. 14.

Malle Runic Amulet, Ch. 17, No. 15.

Malmo Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 16.

Mjere Runic Hair-pin, Ch. 17, No. 16.

Maeshowe Runic Alphabet, Ch. i, No. 2.

Man, the iland, Runic Crosses, Ch. 5, Nos. 11 — 2j.

Manuscript Runic Alphabets, Ch. i^ Nos. 9, 10, i ;, 14, 17.

Masterby Runic Gravestones, Nos. 66, 67.

Mykenae Runic Diadem, Ch. 17.

Mojebro Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 21.

Mollehoj Runic Pail, Ch. 17, No. 6.

M oiler (Prof. Dr. Hermann), p. i.

Monsted Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 12.

MUncheberg Runic Spear, Ch. 11, No. 4.

Myklebostad Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 22, 23.

Myr Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 24.

Nas Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 17.

Nordendorf Runic Brooches, Ch. 14, Nos. 10, 11.

Nordenhov Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 2^.

Norlunda Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 56.

Northumbria, Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 12.

Norum Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 17.

Norway Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. }i.

Norway, Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 13.

Norway, Runic Casket, Ch. 3, No. 3.

Norway, Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 22.

Norway, Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 26.

Nydam Runic Arrows, Ch. 9, No. i.

Nyherred Runic Commune Seal, Ch-. 17, No. 17.

Odds and Ends, Ch. 17, Nos. 1—20.

OdensSker Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 20.

Oja Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 18.

Olaus Magnus' Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 10.

Opedal Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 27.

Ortofta Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 18.

Os Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 19.

Osthofen Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 14.

Palimpsest stone in Norway, Ch. 20, No. 228.

Palimpsest stone in Sweden, Ch. 20, No. 267.







INDEX.







95







Pjetter>d Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 20.



Plane, Runic, Ch. 17, No. 19.



Plane, Runic, Ch. 20, No. 66.



Reidstad Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 28.



Rike Runic Shield, Ch. 10, No. i.



Ringerike Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 30.



Rings, Runic, Ch. 16, Nos. 1—22.



Royndal Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 19.



Ruthwell Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 34.



Sxbo Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 7.



Saint Andrews Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 20.



Saleby Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 10.



Sallenip Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 21.



Sandwich Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 29, 30.



Seals, Runic Commune, Ch. 17, Nos. 11, 17.



Selsey Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 21.



Sam Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 22.



Sanda Bell Runic Alphabets, Ch. 2, Nos. 11, 12.



Sanda Runic Gravestone^ Ch. 18, No. 68.



Sealand Runic Die, Ch. 7, No. 5; Ch. 17, No 7.



Sealand Runic Hammer, Ch. 9, No. 3.



Selde Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 23.



Shields, Runic, Ch. 10, Nos. i, 2.



Skabersjo Runic Brooch, Ch. 14, No. 15.



Skaningsharad Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 21.



Skelton Runic Dial, Ch. 6, No. 4.



Skyum Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 24.



Slota Bilingual Runic stone, Ch. 13, No. 3.



Smula Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 34.



Snoldelev Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 31.



Soby Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 23.



Soderviddinge Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 25.



Sogne Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 32.



Spears, Runic, Ch. 11, Nos. 1—6.



Spoon, Runic, Ch. 17, No. 18.



Stavanger Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 33.



Stenkumla Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 63.



Stenstrup Runic Censers, Ch 4, Nos. 12, 24.



Stephens Museum, Husaby, Vislanda Station, Smi-

land, Sweden. — Runic pieces there: under DIES

(Ch. 7, Nos. 2, 3, 5 ; under RINGS (Ch. 16, No. 22);

under ODDS AND ENDS (Ch. 17, Nos. 4, 13).



Stockholm Runic Spoons, Ch. 7, No. 6; Ch. 17, No. 18.



Sutton Runic Shield, Ch. 10, No. 2.



Svinninge Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 25.



Swords, Runic, Ch. 12, Nos. i — 14.



Tisinge Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 13.



Telemark Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 19.



Thames Runic Sword, Ch. 1 2, No. 8.



Thornaby Runic Dial, Ch. 6, No. 5.



Thomhill Runic Crosses, Ch. 5, Nos. 35, 36, 37.







Thorsbjerg Runic Sword, Ch. 12, No. 9.



Tiuraberg Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 13.



Tommerup Runic Alphabet, Ch. i. No. 3.



Tomstad Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18. Nos. 37, 38.



Tonsberg Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 35, 36.



Toreello Runic Spear, Ch. 11, No. 5.



Torna Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 25.



Torvik Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 40. 41.



Toten Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 39.



Trogd Runic Font, Ch. 8, No. 26.



Truro Runic Pig of Lead, Ch. 18, No. 42.



Tudal Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 41.



Tune Runic Gravestone, Ch, 18, No. 44.



Tway-staved Runic Stones, Ch. 13, Nos. 1—7.



Ugglum Runic Stone, Ch. 13, No. 4.



Ulbolle Runic Censer, Ch. 4, No. 10.



Upsala Runic Axe, Ch. 9, No. 4.



Urdal Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 14.



Umes Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 45.



Urskog Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 46, 47.



Vaeblungsnaes Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 48.



Vadsbo Bell Runic Alphabets, Ch. 2, Nos. 18, 19.



Vadstena Runic Alphabet, Ch. i. No. 21.



Valdby Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 49.



Valders Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 27.



Vallentuna Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 50.



Valloby Runic Spear, Ch. 11, No. 6.



Valsfjord Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 51.



Valstena Runic Gravestones, Ch. 18, Nos. 53, 54, 55.



Valthiofstad Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 4.



Valtorp Tway-staved Runic Stone, Ch. 13, No. 5.



Valtorp Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 52.



VesterSs Runic Alphabet, Ch. 1, No. 15.



Vesterls Museum Stone-quern Runic Alphabets, Ch. 1,



Nos. 5, 6, 7.

Vi Moss Runic Comb, Ch. 15, No. 4.

Vi Moss Runic Swords, Ch. 12, Nos. 10, 11.

Vi Moss Runic Plane, Ch. 17, No. 19.

Ving Bell Runic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. 24.

Vinge Bilingual Runic Stones, Ch. 1 3, Nos. 6, 7.

Visby Runic Ring, Ch. 16, No. 22.

Visby Runic Gravestone, Ch. 18, No. 62.

Vrigstad Bell Rnnic Alphabet, Ch. 2, No. is.

Weapons, Runic, Ch. 9, Nos. 1—4.

West Thorp Moss Runic Comb, Ch. 15, No. 5.

Whitby Runic Ccmb, Ch. 1 5, No. 6.

Worm's Ms. Runic Alphabets, Ch. 1, Nos. 9, 13,



14, n-



Wycliffe Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 38.

Yarm Runic Cross, Ch. 5, No. 59.

York Runic Comb, Ch. 15, No. 7.